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Salvadora lemniscata (COPE, 1895)

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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Pacific Patchnose Snake
S: Culebra Rayada del Pacifico 
SynonymDrymobius lemniscatus COPE 1895
Salvadora lemniscata — BOGERT 1939
Salvadora lemniscata — SMITH & TAYLOR 1945
Salvadora lemniscata — LINER 1994
Salvadora lemniscata — LINER 2007
Salvadora lemniscata — WALLACH et al. 2014: 660
Salvadora lemniscata — JOHNSON et al. 2017 
DistributionSE Mexico (C Guerrero, Colima, across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Chiapas, Oaxaca)

Type locality: Western Mexico  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: unlocated (not found at MNHN, fide I. Ineich, pers. comm., March 2019). 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Rostral slightly elongated and projecting toward the back; 9 supralabials, 3 supralabials in contact with the eye, the fourth, fifth and sixth; generally 12 infralabials, sometimes 11 or 13; single preocular; single loreal; prenasal separated from the second supralabial; a second pair of chinshields larger than the first one in contact with each other or separated by a row of scales; 194–206 ventrals; 128–141 subcaudals; tail is 29 to 34% of total length; 14–15 + 3 maxillary teeth. Color pattern consists of a pale vertebral line extending from the parietal region, and is three rows wide on the first third of the body and one row wide on the rest of the body, flanked by a pair of dark dorsolateral lines two to four scales wide, interrupted at the neck without touching the head; two dark lateral lines, sometimes slightly interrupted in the neck region or continuing toward the sides of the head, passing by the eyes to the nasal scales.
Differs from the other species in the genus by having more maxillary teeth (14–15 + 3); a single preocular scale; tail length 29 to 34% of total length; 4 longitudinal lines along the body, dorsolaterals interrupted on the neck region; 194 to 206 ventral scales (HERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ et al. 2021). 
CommentDistribution: endemic to Mexico, reports from Guatemala appear to be erroneous. See map in HERNÁNDEZ-JIMÉNEZ et al. 2021: Fig. 3. 
EtymologyThe species name comes from the Latin ‘lemniscatus’, which means ‘adorned with bands’, doubtless in reference to the stripes along its body. 
References
  • Aguilar-López JL, Luría-Manzano R, Pineda E, Canseco-Márquez L 2021. Selva Zoque, Mexico: an important Mesoamerican tropical region for reptile species diversity and conservation. ZooKeys 1054: 127-153 - get paper here
  • Bogert, C. M. 1939. Notes on snakes of the genus Salvadora with a redescription of a neglected Mexican species. Copeia 1939 (3): 140-147. - get paper here
  • Casas-Andreu, G., F.R. Méndez-De la Cruz and X. Aguilar-Miguel. 2004. Anfibios y Reptiles; pp. 375–390, in A.J.M. García-Mendoza, J. Ordoñez and M. Briones-Salas (ed.). Biodiversidad de Oaxaca. Instituto de Biología, UNAM-Fondo Oaxaqueño para la Conservación de la Naturaleza-World Wildlife Fund, México, D. F.
  • Cope, E.D. 1895. The classification of the ophidia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 18: 186-219 [1894] - get paper here
  • Heimes, P. 2016. Snakes of Mexico. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 572 pp
  • Johnson, J. D., L. D. Wilson, V. Mata-Silva, E. García-Padilla, and D. L. DeSantis. 2017. The endemic herpetofauna of Mexico: organisms of global significance in severe peril. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4 (3): 544–620 - get paper here
  • Johnson, Jerry D.; Vicente Mata-Silva, Elí García Padilla, and Larry David Wilson 2015. The Herpetofauna of Chiapas, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2 (3): 272–329. - get paper here
  • Köhler, G. 2008. Reptiles of Central America. 2nd Ed. Herpeton-Verlag, 400 pp.
  • Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Pierce LJS, Painter CW 2020. The amphibians and reptiles of Colima, Mexico, with a summary of their conservation status. ZooKeys 927: 99-125 - get paper here
  • Liner, Ernest A. 2007. A CHECKLIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF MEXICO. Louisiana State University Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural Science 80: 1-60 - get paper here
  • Mata-Silva, Vicente, Jerry D. Johnson, Larry David Wilson and Elí García-Padilla. 2015. The herpetofauna of Oaxaca, Mexico: composition, physiographic distribution, and conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2 (1): 6–62 - get paper here
  • Palacios-Aguilar, Ricardo & OSCAR FLORES-VILLELA 2018. An updated checklist of the herpetofauna from Guerrero, Mexico. Zootaxa 4422 (1): 1-24 - get paper here
  • Percino-Daniel, Ruth; Erika Cruz-Ocaña, Wilber Pozo-Ventura y Ernesto Velázquez-Velázquez 2013. Diversidad de reptiles en dos microcuencas del río Grijalva, Chiapas, México. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 84: 938-948 - get paper here
  • Smith, Hobart M. & Taylor, Edward H. 1945. An annotated checklist and key to the snakes of Mexico. Bull. US Natl. Mus. (187): iv + 1-239 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams, Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
 
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