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Xenosaurus phalaroanthereon NIETO-MONTES DE OCA, CAMPBELL & FLORES-VILLELA, 2001

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Higher TaxaXenosauridae, Diploglossa, Anguimorpha, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Chin-spotted Knob-scaled Lizard
S: Xenosauro de Mentón Manchada 
SynonymXenosaurus phalaroanthereon NIETO-MONTES DE OCA, CAMPBELL & FLORES-VILLELA 2001
Xenosaurus phalaroanthereon — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008
Xenosaurus phalaroantheron — PYRON & BURBRINK 2013
Xenosaurus phalaroanthereon — MATA-SILVA et al. 2015
Xenosaurus phalaroanthereon — NIETO-MONTES DE OCA et al. 2022 
DistributionMexico (Oaxaca)

Type locality: Approximately 6.1 km SW by road of San Juan
Acaltepec (about 145.7 road km from turnoff on Mex. Highway 190 to San Juan Acaltepec), municipality of Santa María Ecatepec, Sierra Madre del Sur, Oaxaca, México (16° 14.93' N, 95° 57.29' W), 2005 m elevation.  
Reproductionovoviviparous 
TypesHolotype: MZFC 12225, adult male 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (Table 1). Xenosaurus phalaroanthereon may be distinguished from all the other species in the genus by having 2-6 (usually three or four) white spots, sometimes faint, on the infralabial-labiomental region on either side of the head (white spots on the infralabial-labiomental region absent in the other species). In addition, it differs from all the other taxa in the genus, except X. grandis agrenon, in usually (in 94% of the specimens) having the second pair of chinshields in medial contact with each other anteriorly (second pair of chinshields separated by one or two gular scales in 94.7% of the intergrades of X. g. grandis with X. g. rackhami, n = 19; 93% of the specimens of X. g. rackhami, n = 15; and all of the examined specimens of the remaining taxa). Furthermore, X. phalaroanthereon differs from all the other species in the genus, except X. rectocollaris, in having fewer lamellae under the fourth toe (19-22, x̅ = 19.4, n = 16, in X. phalaroanthereon; 20-22, x̅ = 20.5, n = 11, in X. rectocollaris; ≥ 23, n ≥-5, in each of the remaining taxa), and a shorter tail (tail length/snout-vent length ratio 0.73-0.79 in X. phalaroanthereon; 0.78-0.97 in X. g. agrenon, and 0.81-1.45 in the remaining taxa). (Nieto-Montes de Oca et al. 2001)


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CommentDistribution: see maps in WOOLRICH-PIÑA & SMITH 2012 and Nieto-Montes de Oca et al. 2022: 48 (Fig. 6). 
References
  • Casas-Andreu, G., F.R. Méndez-De la Cruz and X. Aguilar-Miguel. 2004. Anfibios y Reptiles; pp. 375–390, in A.J.M. García-Mendoza, J. Ordoñez and M. Briones-Salas (ed.). Biodiversidad de Oaxaca. Instituto de Biología, UNAM-Fondo Oaxaqueño para la Conservación de la Naturaleza-World Wildlife Fund, México, D. F.
  • Lemos-Espinal, J. A., & Smith, G. R. 2025. The diversity and conservation status of amphibians and reptiles from the Mexican biogeographic province of Sierra Madre del Sur. Nature Conservation, 58: 101-127 - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal, J.A. & Smith, G.R. 2005. Natural history of Xenosaurus phalaroanthereon (Squamata, Xenosauridae), a Knob-scaled lizard from Oaxaca, Mexico. Phyllomedusa 4 (2): 133-138 - get paper here
  • Mata-Silva, Vicente, Jerry D. Johnson, Larry David Wilson and Elí García-Padilla. 2015. The herpetofauna of Oaxaca, Mexico: composition, physiographic distribution, and conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2 (1): 6–62 - get paper here
  • Nieto-Montes DE OCA, A., J. A. CAMPBELL & O. FLORES-VILLELA 2001. A new species of Xenosaurus (Squamata: Xenosauridae) from the Sierra Madre del Sur of Oaxaca, Mexico. Herpetologica 57 (1): 32-47 - get paper here
  • Nieto-Montes de Oca, Adrián; Anthony J. Barley, Rubi N. Meza-Lázaro, Uri O. García-Vázquez, Joan G. Zamora-Abrego, Robert C. Thomson, Adam D. Leaché 2016. Phylogenomics and species delimitation in the knob-scaled lizards of the genus Xenosaurus (Squamata: Xenosauridae) using ddRADseq data reveal a substantial underestimation of diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 106: 241-253 - get paper here
  • Nieto-Montes de Oca, Adrián; Nicté Castresana-Villanueva, Luis Canseco-Márquez & Jonathan A. Campbell 2022. A New Species of Xenosaurus (Squamata: Xenosauridae) from the Sierra de Juárez of Oaxaca, Mexico Herpetologica 78(1): 40–50. - get paper here
  • Nieto-Montes de Oca, Adrián; Uri O. García-Vázquez, J. Jaime Zúñiga-Vega and Walter Schmidt-Ballardo 2013. A new species of Xenosaurus (Squamata: Xenosauridae) from the Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve of Querétaro, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 84: 485-498 - get paper here
  • Pyron, R. Alexander; Frank T. Burbrink 2013. Early origin of viviparity and multiple reversions to oviparity in squamate reptiles. Ecology Letters 17 (1): 13–21 (published online 2013, in print 2014), DOI: 10.1111/ele.12168 - get paper here
  • Sheetz, Kyle H. , Geoffrey R. Smith and Julio A. Lemos-Espinal. 2010. Xenosaurus phalaroanthereon: Litter Size. Herpetological Review 41 (3): 358 - get paper here
  • Sheetz, Kyle H. , Geoffrey R. Smith and Julio A. Lemos-Espinal. 2010. Xenosaurus phalaroanthereon: Diet. Herpetological Review 41 (3): 358-359 - get paper here
  • Woolrich-Piña, Guillermo A. and Geoffrey R. Smith 2012. A New Species of Xenosaurus from the Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico. Herpetologica 68 (4): 551-559. - get paper here
 
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