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Acrochordus javanicus HORNSTEDT, 1787

IUCN Red List - Acrochordus javanicus - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaAcrochordidae, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Javan File Snake, Elephant Trunk Snake
G: Java-Warzenschlange 
SynonymAcrochordus javanicus HORNSTEDT 1787: 307
Acrochordus javanicus — SHAW & NODDER 1793: plate 148
Acrochordus javensis (sic) — DAUDIN 1803
Acrochordus javanicus — KUHL 1824
Potamophis javanica — SCHMIDT 1852
Acrochordus Javanicus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 35
Acrochordus javanicus — BOULENGER 1893: 173
Acrochordus javanicus — SMITH 1943
Acrochordus javanicus — MCDOOWELL 1979
Acrochordus javanicus — MANTHEY & GROSSMANN 1997: 297
Acrochordus javanicus — COX et al. 1998: 17
Acrochordus javanicus — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 228
Acrochordus javanicus — NGUYEN et al. 2009
Acrochordus javanicus — COX et al. 2012: 71
Acrochordus javanicus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 7
Achrochordus javanicus — SYAFIQ et al. 2023 (in error) 
DistributionIndonesia (Borneo, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra; exact range in eastern Indonesia unknown);
Cambodia; Malaysia (Malaya and East Malaysia); Thailand; Vietnam.

Type locality: Java  
Reproductionovoviviparous 
TypesHolotype: lost, formerly NRM 7263, now lost fide Erik Åhlander, pers. comm., 2 Aug 2017) 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus and family): Prefrontal reduced to a ring around the lachrymal foramen and a ventral rod-like process for articulation with maxilla and palatine, not covering any part of olfactory capsule; frontals slightly movable upon parietals and sphenoid; no bony crista circumfenestralis; glosso-pharyngeal and vagus nerves in a common sheath, in which the hypoglossal nerves also became wrapped more distally, the vagus-glossopharyngeal passing through a single foramen, shared with the perilymphatic sac, immediately behind the ear capsule; ribs without tuber costae. Immediately recognisable by: cloaca margined all around by granular scales and posterior cloaca lined by scaly skin, the stratum corneum of which is shed with rest of epidermal stratum corneum; symphysial region of lower jaw produced forward into a lobe fitting a median notch in the upper lip; skin at corner of mouth turned inward to form a scaly pocket at the corner of the mouth. (McDowell 1979: 60)


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CommentType species: Acrochordus javanicus HORNSTEDT 1787 is the type species of the genus Acrochordus HORNSTEDT 1787.

Key: see McDowell 1979 for a key to the species of Acrochordus.

Distribution: not in Singapore or not established there (Figueroa et al. 2023). 
EtymologyNamed after the type locality.

The Genus name Acrochordus comes from the Greek word ‘Ακρόχορδων (Acrochordon)’, which means ‘wart’, referring to the warty appearance of this snake. 
References
  • Augstenová, Barbora; Sofia Mazzoleni, Lukáš Kratochvíl Orcid and Michail Rovatsos 2017. Evolutionary Dynamics of the W Chromosome in Caenophidian Snakes. Genes 2018, 9(1), 5; doi:10.3390/genes9010005 - get paper here
  • Auliya, M. 2006. Taxonomy, Life History, and conservation of giant reptiles in west Kalimantan. Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, 432 pp. - get paper here
  • Bergman, R.A.M. 1941. Acrochordus javanicus Hornst. Treubia 18 (2): 207-211 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1893. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) I. London (Taylor & Francis), 448 pp. - get paper here
  • Chan-ard, T., Parr, J.W.K. & Nabhitabhata, J. 2015. A field guide to the reptiles of Thailand. Oxford University Press, NY, 352 pp. [see book reviews by Pauwels & Grismer 2015 and Hikida 2015 for corrections] - get paper here
  • Cheong, W; 2019. Acrochordus javanicus (Javan Wart Snake) Hunting and feeding behavior. Herpetological Review 50 (3): 518 - get paper here
  • Cox, Merel J.; Hoover, M.F.; Chanhome, Lawan & Thirakhupt,Kumthorn 2012. The Snakes of Thailand. Chulalongkorn University Museum of Natural History, 845 pp.
  • Cox, Merel J.; Van Dijk, Peter Paul; Jarujin Nabhitabhata & Thirakhupt,Kumthorn 1998. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Ralph Curtis Publishing, 144 pp.
  • Das, I. 2012. A Naturalist's Guide to the Snakes of South-East Asia: Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar, Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali. Oxford J, ohn Beaufoy Publishing - get paper here
  • David,P. & Vogel, G. 1996. The snakes of Sumatra. An annotated checklist and key with natural history notes. Bücher Kreth, Frankfurt/M.
  • de Rooij, N. DE 1917. The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Il. Ophidia. Leiden (E. J. Brill), xiv + 334 S. - get paper here
  • Dunaev E.A., Orlova V.F. 2003. Diversity of snakes (on the materials of the exposition of the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University). Moscow: Moscow State University Press, 376 pp
  • Gower, D.; Garrett, K. & Stafford, P. 2012. Snakes. Firefly Books, Buffalo, NY,<br />144 p..
  • Hornstedt, C.F. 1787. Beskrifning på en ny Orm från Java [also cited as “Beschryving van een nieuwe slang van Java”] Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens nya Handlingar VIII (also cited as “Abh. Akad. Stockholm 4”): 306-308 [plate XII on page 359 of the digital version] - get paper here
  • Lang, Ruud de 2017. The Snakes of Java, Bali and Surrounding Islands. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 435 pp. - get paper here
  • Longman, H. A. 1916. Snakes and lizards from Queensland and the Northern Territory. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 5: 46-51 - get paper here
  • Magnusson, W.E. 1979. Production of an Embryo by an Acrochordus javanicus Isolated for Seven Years Copeia 1979 (4): 744-745. - get paper here
  • Magnusson, William E. 1981. Literature: Production of an embryo by an Acrochordus javanicus isolated for seven years. Litteratura Serpentium 1 (6): 255 - get paper here
  • Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W. 1997. Amphibien & Reptilien Südostasiens. Natur und Tier Verlag (Münster), 512 pp. (ISBN 3-931587-12-6) - get paper here
  • McDiarmid, R.W.; Campbell, J.A. & Touré,T.A. 1999. Snake species of the world. Vol. 1. [type catalogue] Herpetologists’ League, 511 pp.
  • McDowell S B 1979. A catalogue of the snakes of New Guinea and the Solomons, with special reference to those in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Part 3. Boinae and Acrochordoidea (Reptilia, Serpentes). Journal of Herpetology 13 (1): 1-92 - get paper here
  • Nguyen, S.V., Ho, C.T. and Nguyen, T.Q. 2009. Herpetofauna of Vietnam. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 768 pp.
  • Rovatsos M, Altmanová M, Johnson Pokorná M, Augstenová B, Kratochvíl L. 2017. Cytogenetics of the Javan file snake (Acrochordus javanicus) and the evolution of snake sex chromosomes. J Zool Syst Evol Res. 00:1–9 - get paper here
  • Sanders, Kate L.; Mumpuni, Amir Hamidy, Jason J. Head, David J. Gower 2010. Phylogeny and divergence times of filesnakes (Acrochordus): Inferences from morphology, fossils and three molecular loci. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56 (3): 857-867 - get paper here
  • Shaw, George & Nodder, Frederick P. (Eds.) 1794. The Naturalist's Miscellany [...], Vol. V. London, Nodder & Co., plates 147-182, 158 unnumbered pages [published in monthly issues between between August 1, 1793, and July 1, 1794] - get paper here
  • Shine, Richard; Harlow, Peter; Keogh, J. Scott;Boeadi 1995. Biology and commercial utilization of acrochordid snakes, with special reference to Karung (Acrochordus javanicus). Journal of Herpetology 29 (3): 352-360 - get paper here
  • Smith, M.A. 1943. The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-Region. Reptilia and Amphibia. 3 (Serpentes). Taylor and Francis, London. 583 pp.
  • Stuebing, R.B., Inger, R.F. & Lardner, B. 2014. A field guide to the snakes of Borneo, second edition. Natural history Publications (Borneo)
  • Syafiq MF, Badli-Sham BH, Grismer LL, Ahmad AB 2023. Uneven species occurrence and richness of lowland snakes (Serpentes, Squamata) in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia, with new locality records. ZooKeys 1168: 11–39 - get paper here
  • Taylor,E.H. 1965. The serpents of Thailand and adjacent waters. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 45 (9): 609-1096 - get paper here
  • TEYNIÉ, ALEXANDRE; PATRICK DAVID, & ANNEMARIE OHLER 2010. Note on a collection of Amphibians and Reptiles from Western Sumatra (Indonesia), with the description of a new species of the genus Bufo. Zootaxa 2416: 1–43 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
 
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