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Ameiva ameiva (LINNAEUS, 1758)

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Higher TaxaTeiidae, Teiinae, Gymnophthalmoidea, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Neotropical Ameiva, Giant Ameiva, Amazon Racerunner
Portuguese: Bico-Doce, Calango-Bico-Doce, Calango-Tijibu, Tijibu, Calango, Calango-Verde, Camaleão-Ferro, Jacaré-Pinima, Lagarto, Lagarto-Verde, Sardão-Grande, Tejubina, Tijubina 
SynonymLacerta Ameiva LINNAEUS 1758: 202
Lacerta ameira LINNAEUS (fide ANDERSSON 1900: 12)
Lacerta Surinamensis SEBA 1734: 139
Lacerta Americana SEBA 1734: 141
Lacerta Tigrina Ceilonica SEBA 1734: 143
Lacerta Ameiva — GMELIN 1789: 1065
Lacertus varius americanus BLOCH in BONNATERRE 1789 (part.) (nomen dubium)
Ameiua americana — MEYER 1795 (error typographicus)
Lacerta Ameiva — DAUDIN 1802: 98
Seps surinamensis LAURENTI 1768: 59 (fide GÜNTHER 1885)
Seps zeylanicus LAURENTI 1768: 59
Ameiva americana MEYER 1795: 28 (nom. subst. for Lacerta Ameiva GMELIN)
Lacerta ameiva — DAUDIN 1802: 98
Lacerta litterata DAUDIN 1802: 106
Lacerta graphica DAUDIN 1802: 112
Lacerta ameiva — SHAW & NODDER 1809: plate 891
Am[eiva] lateristriga CUVIER 1817: 28
Ameiva vulgaris LICHTENSTEIN 1823 (nom. subst. for Lacerta Ameiva LINN.)
Teius tritaeniatus SPIX 1825: 22
Tejus tritaeniatus SPIX 1825 (spelling in FRANZEN & GLAW 2007: 246)
Ameiva litterata — FITZINGER 1826: 51
Ameiva maculata GRAY 1838: 277
Ameiva vulgaris — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1839: 100
Ameiva guttata GRAY 1845: 18
Ameiva laeta COPE 1862: 65
Ameiva guttata — COPE 1862: 63
Ameiva surinamensis COPE 1862: 67
Lacerta tristriata COPE 1862 (in error for Teius tritaeniatus SPIX)
Ameiva petersii COPE 1868: 99
Ameiva bifrontata PETERS 1871: 398
Ameiva pleurotaenia PETERS 1871 (nom. subst. for Ameiva bifrontata)
Amiva [sic] surinamensis — COPE 1876: 165
Ameiva surinamensis — GÜNTHER 1885: 22
Ameiva surinamensis — BOULENGER 1885: 352
Ameiva surinamensis — BOULENGER 1894: 344
Cnemidophorus roeschmanni WERNER 1910 (fide BURT 1931)
Ameiva ameiva ameiva — BARBOUR & NOBLE 1915: 462
Ameiva ameiva bilineata BARBOUR & NOBLE 1915: 464
Ameiva ameiva laeta — BARBOUR & NOBLE 1915: 467
Ameiva ameiva petersii — BARBOUR & NOBLE 1915: 466
Ameiva ameiva — GRIFFIN 1917: 312
Ameiva ameiva — ECHTERNACHT 1971
Ameiva ameiva petersi — DIXON & SOINI 1975
Ameiva ameiva petersi — DUELLMAN 1978: 210
Ameiva ameiva — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 127
Ameiva ameiva — CEI 1993
Ameiva ameiva — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 181
Ameiva ameiva petersi — BAUER et al. 1995: 66
Ameiva ameiva — DIRKSEN & DE LA RIVA 1999
Ameiva ameiva petersi — SCHLÜTER 2006
Ameiva ameiva — CACCIALI et al. 2016 
DistributionColombia (incl. Valle del Cauca, Chocó), Surinam, French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela (Trujillo, Cojedes), Brazil (Acre, Amazonas, Bahia, Paraná [HR 27: 216], Minas Gerais, Goias, Pernambuco, Espírito Santo, Ceará, Mato Grosso, Sergipe, Rio de Janeiro, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte), Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Pando, Santa Cruz, Tarija), Ecuador, Peru, Argentina (Salta, Jujuy, Santiago del Estero, Formosa, Chaco, Corrientes, Danta Fe, Entre Ríos), Paraguay.

USA (introduced to S Florida)

Type locality: “America”; Brazil (fide SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 181); restricted to “confluence of Cottica River and Preica Creek, Suriname” by HOOGMOED 1973.

tobagana: Grenada, Trinidad, Tobago; Type locality: Grenada or St. Vincent.

not recognized anymore:

aquilina: St. Vincent, Grenadines, Grenada;

laeta: SE Brazil;

petersi: Brazil (upper Amazon basin)

roeschmanni: Bolivia; Type locality: Provincia Ben!, Bolivia.

tritaeniatus: Type locality: “Habitat in provincia Bahiae” [Brazil, former province of Bahia, part of the present state of Bahia] according to the original description and Vanzolini (1981).  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesSyntypes: NRM = NHRM (2 specimen) and 1 in Gyllenborg collection, Uppsala.
Holotype: UMMZ 46142 [bilineata]
Holotype: USNM 6639 [petersii]
Lectotype: ZSM 705/0, juvenile male, designation by Hoogmoed & Gruber 1983 [tritaeniatus] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): From all other Teiinae, Ameiva can be distinguished by the combination of the following characters: first supraciliary short, third or fourth supraciliary usually elongate (except in A. wetmorei), five regular parietals (except in A.wetmorei), the prefrontal separated from the nasal, small numerous scales at the heel (except in A. lineolata series), homogeneous manual subdigital lamellae, smooth ventrals and subcaudals, and males lacking preanal spurs [from HARVEY et al. 2012]. However, no single character correctly classifies all species from both Ameiva and Cnemidophorus (Burt 1931; Presch 1974, Giugliano et al. 2013).


Additional details (1901 characters) are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSynonymy after CEI 1993 and UGUETO & HARVEY 2011. Several subspecies have been elevated to species status (praesignis, atrigularis) or synonymized with them (or A. ameiva) by UGUETO & HARVEY 2011 who also suggest that fuliginosa and tobagana may be full species. Tuck and Hardy (1973) concluded that the type of A. ameiva tobagana was likely collected in Grenada, the Grenadines, or St. Vincent (populations then allocated to A. a. aquilina) rather than on Tobago. Ugueto & Harvey considered tobagana as a synonym of atrigularis, although they noted that it may be valid (sub-) species. For the status of Lacertus varius americanus BLOCH see Denzer et al. 2020.

Distribution: Solis et al. 2014 listed this species for Honduras, possibly in error.

Type species: Ameiva americana MEYER 1795 is the type species of the genus Ameiva MEYER 1795. Meyer (1795) proposed “Ameiua” to accommodate fourteen species listed by Gmelin (1789), including several species no longer included in this genus such as Lacerta Teguixin Linnaeus (= Tupinambis teguixin). Meyer further proposed Ameiua americana as a replacement name for Lacerta ameiva Linnaeus and this name was listed as the type species of Ameiva by Peters and Donoso-Barros (1970).

Species groups: HARVEY et al. 2012 and other authors grouped the species of the genus Ameiva into 4 species groups (A. ameiva Group, A. bifrontata Group, A. dorsalis Group, A. erythrocephala group), for which they present key characters in Table 4.

Diet: a large percentage of the diet of this species (10-30%) consists of ants (Lucas et al. 2023).

Comparisons: Presch 1974: 24 compares character states across the genera Ameiva, Cnemidophorus, Kentropyx, Dicrodon, Teius, Callopistes, Tupinambis, Crocodilurus, and Dracaena. 
EtymologyNamed after a word in the Tupí language (see genus name).

The genus name Ameiva is of Tupí language origin. The first description was in the Historiae Rerum Naturalium Brasiliae by George Marcgrave (1648). Ameiva was the name used by Marcgrave’s Amerindian hosts in 17th century Dutch Brazil, where local people spoke the now extinct language Tupí (Angeli 2018). HARVEY et al. 2012 stated that the origin of the word Ameiva was unknown. 
References
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