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Amplorhinus multimaculatus SMITH, 1847

IUCN Red List - Amplorhinus multimaculatus - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaPseudoxyrhophiidae(Amplorhininae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Many-spotted Snake, Cape Reed Snake 
SynonymAmplorhinus multimaculatus SMITH 1847
Dipsas smithii DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 1162
Coronella multimaculatus — GÜNTHER 1858: 38
Psammophylax multimaculatus — JAN 1863: 310
Amplorhinus multimaculatus — BOULENGER 1896: 125
Amplorhinus multimaculatus — BROADLEY 1959
Amplorhinus multimaculatus — BRANCH & BAUER 2005
Amplorhinus multimaculatus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 35
Amplorhinus multimaculatus — STANDER 2023: 300 
DistributionS/E Republic of South Africa, E Zimbabwe, Mozambique

Type locality: “Southern Africa” [= Cape of Good Hope fide Boulenger, 1896: 125, and Cape Colony, South Africa fide V.F.M. FitzSimons, 1962: 193].  
Reproductionovoviviparous 
TypesTypes: BMNH 1946.1.2.71-75 (and possibly additional specimens).
Syntypes: USNM 61227, 6217 [Dipsas smithi] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): Maxillary teeth 12 or 13, gradually increasing in size, followed by an enlarged, grooved tooth ; mandibular teeth subequal. Head distinct from neck eye moderate, with round pupil ; nasal semidivided. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth or feebly keeled, with apical pits, in 17 rows ; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows.” (Boulenger 1896: 125)


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CommentSynonymy after BOULENGER 1896.

Type species: Amplorhinus multimaculatus SMITH 1847 is the type species of the genus Amplorhinus SMITH 1847.

Type genus: Amplorhinus SMITH 1847 is the type genus of the subfamily Amplorhininae MEIRTE 1992 which includes the genera Amplorhinus, Dityophis, and Duberria (see KELLY et al. 2009). 
EtymologyNamed after Latin multi- = many, and Latin macula = spot.

The genus was named after Latin amplus, large + Greek rhinos (ῥίνος), nose. [“…Nostrils in the middle of a scale…”]. 
References
  • Bates, M.F.; Branch, W.R., Bauer, A.M.; Burger, M., Marais, J.; Alexander, G.J. & de Villliers, M.S. (eds.) 2014. Atlas and Red List of the Reptiles of South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. Suricata 1. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 512 pp.
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1896. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum, Vol. 3. London (Taylor & Francis), xiv + 727 pp. - get paper here
  • Branch, W. R. 1984. Birth of Cape Many - Spotted Snakes, Amplorhinus multimaculatus. J. Herp. Assoc. Africa (30): 12-12 - get paper here
  • Branch, William R. 1993. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers, 144 S.
  • Branch, William R. & Bauer, Aaron M. 2005. The herpetological contributions of Sir Andrew Smith. SSAR, 80 pp.
  • Broadley, D. & Blaylock 2013. The Snakes of Zimbabwe and Botswana. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 387 pp. [book review in Sauria 35 (2): 59 and Copeia 2014: 388] - get paper here
  • Broadley, D.G. 1959. The herpetology of Southern Rhodesia. Part I--the snakes. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 120 (1): 1-100 [reprint 1972] - get paper here
  • Broadley, D.G. 1962. On some reptile collections from the North-Western and North-Eastern Districts of Southern Rhodesia 1958-1961, with descriptions of four new lizards. Occ. Pap. Nat. Mus. South. Rhodesia 26 (B): 787-843
  • Dubey, Bhawna; P. R. Meganathan, Nicolas Vidal, and Ikramul Haque 2012. Molecular Evidence for the Nonmonophyly of the Asian Natricid Genus Xenochrophis (Serpentes, Colubroidea) as Inferred from Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes. Journal of Herpetology 46 (2): 263-268. - get paper here
  • Duméril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. & DUMÉRIL, A. H. A., 1854. Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. Deuxième partie, comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux. Paris, Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret: i-xii + 781-1536 - get paper here
  • FitzSimons, V. 1962. Snakes of Southern Africa. Purnell (Cape town & Johannesburg), 423 pp.
  • Fraser M. 2023. Reptiles and Amphibians of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve, Western Cape, South Africa. Biodiversity Observations 13: 162–185. 14 March 2023 - get paper here
  • Günther, A. 1858. Catalogue of Colubrine snakes of the British Museum. London, I - XVI, 1 - 281 - get paper here
  • Jan, G. 1863. Enumerazione sistematica degli ofidi appartenenti al gruppo Coronellidae. Arch. Zool. Anat. Fisiol. 2 (2): 213-330 [1862] - get paper here
  • Kelly, Christopher M. R.; Nigel P. Barker, Martin H. Villet and Donald G. Broadley 2009. PHYLOGENY, BIOGEOGRAPHY AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE SNAKE SUPERFAMILY ELAPOIDEA: A RAPID RADIATION IN THE LATE EOCENE. Cladistics 25: 38-63 - get paper here
  • Marais, J. 2004. A Complete Guide to the Snakes of Southern Africa, 2nd ed. Struik Publishers, 312 pp.
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • Smith, A. 1847. Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa, Reptilia. Smith, Elder, and Co., London - get paper here
  • Spawls, S., Branch, B. 2020. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Bloomsbury, London, 336 pp. - get paper here
  • Stander, R.I. 2023. The Reptiles of the Limpopo Province and Kruger National Park. Herp Nomad, Polokwane, South Africa, 367 pp. - get paper here
  • Tolley, K.A., Conradie, W., Pietersen, D.W., Weeber, J., Burger, M. & Alexander, G.J. (eds) 2023. Conservation status of the reptiles of South Africa, Eswatini and Lesotho. Suricata 10. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
 
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