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Anolis grahami GRAY, 1845

IUCN Red List - Anolis grahami - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaAnolidae, Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
SubspeciesAnolis grahami grahami GRAY 1845
Anolis grahami aquarum UNDERWOOD & WILLIAMS 1959 
Common NamesE: Jamaican Turquoise Anole, Graham's Anole
G: Graham-Anolis 
SynonymAnolis Grahami GRAY 1845: 274 (substitute name for A. punctatus GRAY 1840: 113, not A. punctatus DAUDIN 1802: 84)
Anolis iodurus GOSSE 1850
Anolis punctatissimus HALLOWELL 1856: 225
Anolis heterolepis HALLOWELL 1856: 230
Anolis grahami — COPE 1869: 164
Anolis guentheri BOCOURT 1873 (fide STUART 1955)
Anolis grahami — BOULENGER 1885: 32
Anolis guentheri — BOULENGER 1885
Anolis iodurus — BARBOUR 1910: 295
Anolis grahami grahami — GRANT 1940: 85
Anolis grahami iodurus — GRANT 1940: 86
Norops grahami — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1988: 154
Anolis grahami — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 270
Norops grahami — NICHOLSON 2002
Anolis grahami — COOPER 2005
Norops grahami — NICHOLSON et al. 2012
Norops grahami grahami — NICHOLSON et al. 2018

Anolis grahami aquarum UNDERWOOD and WILLIAMS 1959
Anolis grahami aquarum UNDERWOOD and WILLIAMS 1959: 28
Anolis grahami aquarum — HILGENHOF 1998
Norops grahami aquarum — NICHOLSON et al. 2012
Norops grahami aquarum — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 
DistributionJamaica, Bermuda

Anolis grahami grahami western Jamaica; Cabarita I. off Port Maria; intergrades with A. g. aquarum. Type locality: Unknown; restricted to “Jamaica” by O’Shaughnessy 1875.

Anolis grahami aquarum: Portland and St. Thomas parishes. Type locality: “Botanical gardens, Bath, St. Thomas [Parish], Jamaica”.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesSyntypes: BMNH 1936.12.3.101 = 1946.8.5.49, BMNH 1946.8.28.89-.9 1.
HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1954.1.2.61 [aquarum]
Holotype: ANSP 7915; Cuba, Cienfuegos [heterolepis]
Sytntypes: (3) ANSP 7897-99; Jamaica [punctatissimus] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (1534 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentFor illustrations see Underwood and Williams 1959, Milton and Jenssen 1979, Schwartz and Henderson, 1985.

Synonymy: Anolis opalinus is listed as a synonym of A. grahami by BOULENGER 1885, but is now a valid species. Anolis guentheri BOCOURT 1873 is known from only the holotype and was never reliably found again. It was suspected to be an untypical A. rodriguezi (STUART 1955) but formally synonymized with A. grahami by KÖHLER 2012.

Species group: Norops valencienni species group (fide NICHOLSON et al. 2012). 
EtymologyNamed after James Duncan Graham (1799-1865), American engineer, astronomer and collector of biological specimens. 
References
  • Barbour, T. 1910. Notes on the herpetology of Jamaica. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 52: 273—301 - get paper here
  • Baum, T. 2008. Jamaika, seine Leguane und der Riesenanaolis Anolis garmani. Reptilia (Münster) 13 (72): 73-80 - get paper here
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • Bergmann, P.J. & A.P. Russell 2001. Growth of the Original Tail in Anolis grahami: Isometry of the Whole Is a Product of Regional Differences Journal of Herpetology 35 (2): 232-238. - get paper here
  • Bertolotto, C.E.V.; K.C.M. Pellegrino and Y. Yonenaga-Yassuda 2004. Occurrence of B chromosomes in lizards: a review. Cytogenet Genome Res 106: 243–246 - get paper here
  • Bocourt, M. E. 1873. In: A. Duméril, M. F. Bocourt, and F. Mocquard, (1870-1909), Etudes sur les reptiles, p. i-xiv; In Recherches Zoologiques pour servir a l'Histoire de Ia Faune de l'Amérique Centrale et du Mexique. Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique Ce Imprimerie Impériale, Paris, Livr. 2-15, pp. 33-860. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 2, Second edition. London, xiii+497 pp. - get paper here
  • Cooper Jr., W.E. 2005. Duration of movement as a lizard foraging movement variable. Herpetologica 61 (4): 363-372 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1870. Seventh contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 11: 147-169 [1869] - get paper here
  • Falvey, Cleo H; Kevin J Aviles-Rodriguez, Travis J Hagey, Kristin M Winchell 2020. The finer points of urban adaptation: intraspecific variation in lizard claw morphology. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 131, Issue 2, October 2020, Pages 304–318, - get paper here
  • GARNER, AUSTIN M.; MICHAEL C. WILSON, CAITLIN WRIGHT, ANTHONY P. RUSSELL, PETER H. NIEWIAROWSKI & ALI DHINOJWALA. 2022. Parameters of the adhesive setae and setal fields of the Jamaican radiation of anoles (Dactyloidae: Anolis): potential for ecomorphology at the microscopic scale. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 137(1): 85–99. - get paper here
  • Gosse, P. 1850. Description of a new genus and six new species of saurian reptiles. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 6: 344-348. - get paper here
  • Gray, J. E. 1845. Catalogue of the specimens of lizards in the collection of the British Museum. Trustees of die British Museum/Edward Newman, London: xxvii + 289 pp. - get paper here
  • Hallowell, E. 1856. Notes on reptiles in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 8: 221-238 - get paper here
  • Hilgenhof, R. J. 1998. Eine herpetologische Reise nach Nordost - Jamaika unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Gattung Anolis Daudin, 1802 - Teil II. Sauria 20 (3): 3-10 - get paper here
  • Hilgenhof, R. J. 1998. Eine herpetologische Reise nach Nordost - Jamaika unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Gattung Anolis Daudin, 1802 - Teil I. Sauria 20 (2): 15-27 - get paper here
  • Irschick, D.J. Austin, C.C.; Petren, K.; Fisher, R.N.; Losos, J.B. & Ellers, O. 1996. A comparative analysis of clinging ability among pad-bearing lizards. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 59: 21-35 - get paper here
  • Jackman, Tod R.; Irschick, Duncan J.; de Queiroz, Kevin; Losos, Jonathan; Larson, Allan 2002. Molecular Phylogenetic Perspective on Evolution of Lizards of the Anolis grahami Series. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol. 294 (1):1-16 - get paper here
  • Jenssen, T.A. 1977. Morphological, Behavioral and Electrophoretic Evidence of Hybridization between the Lizards, Anolis grahami and Anolis lineatopus neckeri, on Jamaica. Copeia 1977 (2): 270-276 - get paper here
  • Jenssen, T.A. 1981. Unusual Display Behavior by Anolis grahami from Western Jamaica Copeia 1981 (3): 728-733. - get paper here
  • Jenssen, Thomas A. 1977. Evolution of Anoline Lizard Display Behavior. American Zoologist 17: 203-215 - get paper here
  • Klaczko, J.; T. Ingram and J. Losos 2015. Genitals evolve faster than other traits in Anolis lizards. Journal of Zoology 295 (1): 44–48 - get paper here
  • Klaczko, Julia and Yoel Stuart 2015. Hemipenial Allometry in Anolis grahami. Journal of Herpetology Sep 2015, Vol. 49, No. 3: 462-467. - get paper here
  • Köhler, G. 2012. Taxonomic status of two enigmatic Mexican anoles: Anolis cumingii Peters 1863 and Anolis guentherii Bocourt 1873 (Reptilia, Squamata, Dactyloidae). Zootaxa 3551: 82–88 - get paper here
  • Losos, J. B. 2009. Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation of Anoles. Berkeley: University of California Press, 528 pp. - get paper here
  • Losos, J.B. 2007. Detective Work in the West Indies: Integrating Historical and Experimental Approaches to Study Island Lizard Evolution. BioScience 57 (7): 585-597 - get paper here
  • Losos, Jonathan B. 1996. Dynamics of range expansion by three introduced species of Anolis lizards on Bermuda. Journal of Herpetology 30 (2): 204-210 - get paper here
  • MACEDONIA, J. M., CLARK, D. L., & FONLEY, M. R. 2021. Analysis of Bobbing Displays in the Grahami Series Anoles from Jamaica and Grand Cayman. Herpetological Monographs, 35, 000-000 - get paper here
  • Macedonia, J.M. & D.L. Clark 2003. Headbob Display Structure in the Naturalized Anolis Lizards of Bermuda: Sex, Context, and Population Effects Journal of Herpetology 37 (2): 266-276. - get paper here
  • Macedonia, J.M., S. James, L.W. Wittle & D.L. Clark 2000. Skin Pigments and Coloration in the Jamaican Radiation of Anolis Lizards Journal of Herpetology 34 (1): 99-109. - get paper here
  • Macedonia, Joseph M., Clark, David L. and Mcintosh, Andrew P. 2016. Differential range expansion and habitat use among the naturalized Anolis lizards of Bermuda. Herpetological Review 47 (4): 529-535 - get paper here
  • Macedonia, Joseph M.; David L. Clark, and Alison L. Tamasi 2014. Does Selection Favor Dewlap Colors that Maximize Detectability? A Test with Five Species of Jamaican Anolis Lizards. Herpetologica Jun 2014, Vol. 70, No. 2: 157-170. - get paper here
  • Macedonia, Joseph M.; David L. Clark, Z. Nicholas Brown, Sara Gensterblum, Lauren McNabb, Ashley B. Myrberg, Brooke D. Myrberg, Maria F. Petroche, and Adam Karson 2015. Responses of Anolis grahami Males to Manipulations of Species Identity and Components of Displays in Lizard Robots. Herpetologica Jun 2015, Vol. 71, No. 2: 110-116. - get paper here
  • Milton, T.H., and Jenssen, T.A. 1979. Description and significance of vocalizations by Anolis grahami (Sauria: Iguanidae). Copeia 1979 (3):481-489. - get paper here
  • Nicholson, K.E. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis and a test of the current infrageneric classification of Norops (beta Anolis). Herpetological Monographs 16: 93-120 - get paper here
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  • NICHOLSON, KIRSTEN E.; BRIAN I. CROTHER, CRAIG GUYER & JAY M. SAVAGE 2018. Translating a clade based classification into one that is valid under the international code of zoological nomenclature: the case of the lizards of the family Dactyloidae (Order Squamata). Zootaxa 4461 (4): 573–586 - get paper here
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