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Anolis conspersus GARMAN, 1887

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Higher TaxaAnolidae, Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
SubspeciesAnolis conspersus conspersus GARMAN 1887
Anolis conspersus lewisi GRANT 1940 
Common NamesE: Cayman Islands Blue-fanned Anole, Grand Cayman blue-fanned anole, Grand Cayman Anole 
SynonymAnolis conspersus GARMAN 1887: 273
Anolis utowanae BARBOUR 1932
Anolis conspersus conspersus — GRANT 1941: 21
Anolis utowanae — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 62
Anolis utowanae — HARDY 1969: 116
Anolis conspersus — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 240
Norops utowanae — LINER 1994
Norops utowanae — NICHOLSON 2002
Norops conspersus — NICHOLSON 2002
Anolis utowanae — LINER 2007
Norops utowanae — NICHOLSON et al. 2012
Norops conspersus conspersus — NICHOLSON et al. 2012
Norops conspersus conspersus — NICHOLSON et al. 2018

Anolis conspersus lewisi GRANT 1941: 23
Anolis grahami lewisi — BARBOUR & LOVERIDGE 1946
Anolis conspersus lewisi — PAGODA 2011
Norops conspersus lewisi — NICHOLSON et al. 2012
Norops conspersus lewisi — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 
DistributionCayman I

conspersus Grand Cayman I., western half; Booby Cay. Type locality: Grand Cayman Island, Cayman Islands.

lewisi: Grand Cayman I., eastern half, typical individuals along northeastern coast.

utowanae: Mexico (coastal Sinaloa); Type locality: ten miles north of Mazatlán, Sinaloa (probably in error).  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesSyntypes: UMMZ 63089 (2), USNM 39292
Syntype: ANSP 23009; West Indies, Grand Cayman.
Holotype: MCZ 45106 [lewisi]
Holotype: MCZ 31035 [utowanae] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (3166 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSpecies group: Norops valencienni species group (fide NICHOLSON et al. 2012).

For illustrations see Schwartz and Henderson, 1985.

Synonymy: POE 2014 synonymized A. utowanae with A. conspersus. The holotype and single specimen of A. utowanae appears to have been part of a series collected by Barbour on Grand Cayman during his 1931 trip from Miami to the Panama Canal and then North to Pacific Mexico, including Mazatlán, on the yacht named Utowana. How the specimen came to be associated with Mazatlán remains a mystery.

Conservation: the IUCN (ID: 64218) has assessed A. utowanae but not conspersus. 
References
  • Augustine, Lauren A.; Cristina Macklem, Avishai Shuter, Kevin Torregrosa 2021. Opportunistically collected UV exposure data for some lizards in Cuba and Grand Cayman. Herpetology Notes 14: 681-690 - get paper here
  • Barbour, Thomas 1932. On a new Anolis from Western Mexico. Copeia 1932 (1): 11-12 - get paper here
  • Barbour, Thomas & Loveridge, Arthur 1946. First supplement to typical reptiles and amphibians. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 96 (2): 59-214. - get paper here
  • Ezaz, T. et al. 2009. Sex Chromosome Evolution in Lizards: Independent Origins and Rapid Transitions. Cytogenet Genome Res 127: 249-260 - get paper here
  • Garman, S. 1887. On the reptiles and batrachians of Grand Cayman. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 24: 273-277 - get paper here
  • Gemel, R.; G. Gassner & S. Schweiger 2019. Katalog der Typen der Herpetologischen Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien – 2018. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 121: 33–248
  • Grant, C. 1941. The herpetology of the Cayman Islands. Bulletin of the Institute of Jamaica, Science Series [1940] (2):1-56
  • Hardy, L.M., & McDiarmid, R.W. 1969. The amphibians and reptiles of Sinaloa, Mexico. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 18 (3): 39-252. - get paper here
  • Jackman, Tod R.; Irschick, Duncan J.; de Queiroz, Kevin; Losos, Jonathan; Larson, Allan 2002. Molecular Phylogenetic Perspective on Evolution of Lizards of the Anolis grahami Series. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol. 294 (1):1-16 - get paper here
  • Losos, J. B. 2009. Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation of Anoles. Berkeley: University of California Press, 528 pp. - get paper here
  • MACEDONIA, J. M., CLARK, D. L., & FONLEY, M. R. 2021. Analysis of Bobbing Displays in the Grahami Series Anoles from Jamaica and Grand Cayman. Herpetological Monographs, 35, 000-000 - get paper here
  • Macedonia, J.M. & D.L. Clark 2001. Headbob Display Analysis of the Grand Cayman Anole, Anolis conspersus Journal of Herpetology 35 (2): 300-310. - get paper here
  • Macedonia, J.M., S. James, L.W. Wittle & D.L. Clark 2000. Skin Pigments and Coloration in the Jamaican Radiation of Anolis Lizards Journal of Herpetology 34 (1): 99-109. - get paper here
  • Nicholson, K.E. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis and a test of the current infrageneric classification of Norops (beta Anolis). Herpetological Monographs 16: 93-120 - get paper here
  • NICHOLSON, KIRSTEN E.; BRIAN I. CROTHER, CRAIG GUYER & JAY M. SAVAGE 2012. It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa 3477: 1–108 - get paper here
  • NICHOLSON, KIRSTEN E.; BRIAN I. CROTHER, CRAIG GUYER & JAY M. SAVAGE 2018. Translating a clade based classification into one that is valid under the international code of zoological nomenclature: the case of the lizards of the family Dactyloidae (Order Squamata). Zootaxa 4461 (4): 573–586 - get paper here
  • Pagoda, P. 2011. Ein Monat als Volontär in der Karibik - der Blauen wegen. Elaphe 19 (1): 65-72
  • Poe, S. 2004. Phylogeny of anoles. Herpetological Monographs 18: 37-89 - get paper here
  • Poe, S. 2013. 1986 Redux: New genera of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) are unwarranted. Zootaxa 3626 (2): 295–299 - get paper here
  • Poe, S. 2014. The Travels of Thomas Barbour on the Ship Utowana in 1931 and the Taxonomic Status of Anolis utowanae. Breviora (538): 1-9 - get paper here
  • Rose-Smyth, M. Christine 2019. Role of a sweet-toothed anole (Anolis conspersus) in orchid pollination. Anolis Newsletter VII: 235 - get paper here
  • Schoener, Thomas W. 1967. The ecological significnce of sexual dimorphism in size in the lizard Anolis conspersus. Science 155 (3761): 474-477 - get paper here
  • Schwartz, A. & Henderson, R.W. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 720 pp.
  • Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. 1985. A guide to the identification of the amphibians and reptiles of the West Indies exclusive of Hispaniola. Milwaukee Public Mus., 165 pp.
  • Webb, R.G. 1984. Herpetogeography in the Mazatlán-Durango Region of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. Vetrebrate Ecology and Systematics - A ribute to Henry S. Fitch; Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, pp. 217-241
 
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