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Anolis smaragdinus BARBOUR & SHREVE, 1935

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Higher TaxaAnolidae, Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
SubspeciesAnolis smaragdinus smaragdinus BARBOUR & SHREVE 1935
Anolis smaragdinus lerneri OLIVER 1948 
Common NamesE: Bahamian Green Anole 
SynonymAnolis smaragdinus BARBOUR & SHREVE 1935: 355
Anolis smaragdinus — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 344
Anolis smaragdinus — NICHOLSON et al. 2005
Anolis smaragdinus — NICHOLSON et al. 2012
Anolis smaragdinus — NICHOLSON et al. 2018

Anolis smaragdinus lerneri OLIVER 1948
Anolis carolinensis lerneri OLIVER 1948
Anolis smaragdinus lerneri — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991
Anolis smaragdinus lerneri — NICHOLSON et al. 2012
Anolis smaragdinus lerneri — NICHOLSON et al. 2018 
DistributionBahamas, Exuma, Little San Salvador, Cat Island

smaragdinus: Great Bahama Bank (except islands with other subspecies), Little San Salvador I., Cat I. Type locality: Mortimer's, South Point, Long Island, Bahama Islands.

lerneri: Great Bahama Bank: Bimini Is., Berry Is., Andros I.; Type locality: “Southern end of North Bimini Island, Bimini, Bahamas, British West Indies.”  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: MCZ 37983.
Holotype: AMNH 68635 (not 68535) [lerneri] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis. Allied to the Cuban Anolis porcatus from which the new species differs in its much smaller average size and in coloration in life. It lacks the blue head of the adult male porcatus. Preserved immature specimens of the two species are sometimes difficult to separate. Allied also to Anolis carolinensis but differing in many ways, among others in that the frontal and canthal ridges are usually more pronounced while the head scales in general are larger and less strongly keeled, also smaragdinus usually has only three loreal rows of scales while carolinensis usually has four or more. Carolinensis is also, of course, in life usually uniform green when not brown with the dorsal stripe, hence very like the Bahamian species in life. The new form is also related to Anolis brunneus from which species the new one differs in having a much broader, shorter snout (two young rather similar in this character), in often having larger dorsal scales, and in having a very different coloration [Barbour & Shreve 1935: 355].


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CommentFor illustrations see Schwartz and Henderson, 1985, Les & Powell 2014.

Species group: Anolis carolinensis species group (fide NICHOLSON et al. 2012). 
EtymologyNamed after Latin “smaragdinus” for “emerald,” an obvious allusion to the bright green ground color of this species. The name lerneri is a patronym honoring Michael Lerner, founder of the Lerner Marine Laboratory on Bimini, Bahamas (Oliver 1948, Les & Powell 2014). 
References
  • Barbour, T. and B. Shreve. 1935. Concerning some Bahamian reptiles, with notes on the fauna. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 40: 347-365.
  • Franz, R., C.K. Dodd, Jr. & D.W. Buden 1993. Distributional Records of Amphibians and Reptiles from the Exuma Islands, Bahamas, Including the First Reports of a Freshwater Turtle and an Introduced Gecko. Carib. J. Sci. 29 (3/4): 165-173.
  • Glor, Richard E.; Jonathan B. Losos and Allan Larson 2005. Out of Cuba: Overwater Dispersal and Speciation among Lizards in the Anolis carolinensis Subgroup. Molecular Ecology 14: 2419-2432 - get paper here
  • Herrmann, Nicholas C.; Shannan S. Yates, Jason R. Fredette, Molly K. Leavens, Renata Moretti, and R. Graham Reynolds 2018. Lizards on Islands within Islands: Microhabitat Use, Movement, and Cannibalism in Anolis sagrei (Brown Anole) and Anolis smaragdinus (Bahamas Green Anole). CARIBBEAN NATURALIST No. 50:1–17 - get paper here
  • Les, Angela M. and Robert Powell. 2014. Anolis smaragdinus Barbour and Shreve - Bahamian Green Anole. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (902): 1-15 - get paper here
  • Losos, J.B. 2007. Detective Work in the West Indies: Integrating Historical and Experimental Approaches to Study Island Lizard Evolution. BioScience 57 (7): 585-597 - get paper here
  • Nicholson, K. E., R. E. Glor, J. J. Kolbe, A. Larson, S. B. Hedges, and J. B. Losos 2005. Mainland colonization by island lizards. Journal of Biogeography 32: 929–938 - get paper here
  • NICHOLSON, KIRSTEN E.; BRIAN I. CROTHER, CRAIG GUYER & JAY M. SAVAGE 2012. It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa 3477: 1–108 - get paper here
  • NICHOLSON, KIRSTEN E.; BRIAN I. CROTHER, CRAIG GUYER & JAY M. SAVAGE 2018. Translating a clade based classification into one that is valid under the international code of zoological nomenclature: the case of the lizards of the family Dactyloidae (Order Squamata). Zootaxa 4461 (4): 573–586 - get paper here
  • Oliver,J.A. 1948. The anoline lizards of Bimini, Bahamas. American Museum Novitates (1383): 1-36 - get paper here
  • Poe, S. 2004. Phylogeny of anoles. Herpetological Monographs 18: 37-89 - get paper here
  • Poe, S. 2013. 1986 Redux: New genera of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) are unwarranted. Zootaxa 3626 (2): 295–299 - get paper here
  • Schwartz, A. & Henderson, R.W. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 720 pp.
  • Schwartz, A. and Henderson, R.W. 1985. A guide to the identification of the amphibians and reptiles of the West Indies exclusive of Hispaniola. Milwaukee Public Mus., 165 pp.
 
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