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Anolis oxylophus COPE, 1875

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Higher TaxaAnolidae, Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Stream Anole 
SynonymAnolis oxylophus COPE 1876: 123
Anolis oxylophus — BOULENGER 1885: 85
Anolis oxylophus — TAYLOR 1956
Anolis oxylophus — WILLIAMS 1984
Norops oxylophus — SAVAGE & VILLA 1986
Norops oxylophus — VILLA et al. 1988
Norops oxylophus — MCCRANIE 1993
Norops oxylophus — COOPER 2005
Norops oxylophus — NICHOLSON et al. 2005
Norops oxylophus — NICHOLSON et al. 2012
Norops oxylophus — MCCRANIE & KÖHLER 2015: 126
Norops oxylophus — NICHOLSON et al. 2018
Anolis oxylophus — CURLIS et al. 2020 
DistributionCosta Rica, Nicaragua, W Panama, NE Honduras

Type locality: None given by COPE 1876, but restricted to “Sipurio, Limon Province, C. R." by TAYLOR 1956: 141 as this was one of the collection sites of Cope; Taylor 1956: 8 stated that most of Cope’s “lizards were taken at Sipurio, a point on Rio Sixaola about eighteen air miles from the nearest coast, close to the Panama border, and having an elevation of some 200 feet” (Luke Mahler, pers. comm. 26 May 2015).  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesSyntypes: USNM 30556, 30557 
Diagnosis 
CommentSynonymy: PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970 and other authors listed A. oxylophus as a synonym of A. lionotus. There seems to be no consensus about the validity of this species. See A. lionotus for more details.

Campbell (1973) noted the character of true lionotus that has most impressed Williams (1984): dorsal scales about twice the size of the ventrals. In oxylophus (as in poecilopus) the dorsals and ventrals are about equal but in poecilopus the dorsals are strongly keeled, in oxylophus smooth or weakly keeled.

Species group: Norops auratus Species Group (fide Nicholson et al. 2012)

Habitat: semi-aquatic (Baeckens et al. 2021) 
EtymologyNamed after Greek oxys (οξύς), sharp, acute + Greek lophia (λοφίἆ), crest, headdress. [“...The facial ruga is remarkably prominent and acute...”]. 
References
  • Baeckens, S.; M. Temmerman, S. Gorb, C. Neto, M. Whiting & R. Van Damme 2021. Convergent evolution of skin surface microarchitecture and increased skin hydrophobicity in semi-aquatic anole lizards. Journal of Experimental Biology 224(19): jeb242939 ( - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 2, Second edition. London, xiii+497 pp. - get paper here
  • Cooper Jr., W.E. 2005. Duration of movement as a lizard foraging movement variable. Herpetologica 61 (4): 363-372 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1875. On the Batrachia and Reptilia of Costa Rica with notes on the herpetology and ichthyology of Nicaragua and Peru. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia N.S. (2) 8: 93-183 [sometimes said to be published 1876 but see Murphy et al. 2007 for clarification]] - get paper here
  • Curlis JD, Fisher EC, Muhic WK, Moy J, Garro-Cruz M, Montero-Ramírez JJ 2020. A survey of the reptiles and amphibians at the University of Georgia Costa Rica field station in San Luis de Monteverde, Costa Rica. Check List 16(6): 1433-1456 - get paper here
  • Henderson, C.L. 2010. Mammals, Amphibians, and Reptiles of Costa Rica - A field guide. University of Texas Press, Austin, 198 pp.
  • Herrmann, Nicholas C. 2017. Substrate Availability and Selectivity Contribute To Microhabitat Specialization In Two Central American Semiaquatic Anoles. Breviora 555 (1): 1-13 - get paper here
  • Hilje B, Chaves G, Klank J, Timmerman F, Feltham J, Gillingwater S, Piraino T, Rojas E 2020. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Tirimbina Biological Reserve: a baseline for conservation, research and environmental education in a lowland tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. Check List 16(6): 1633-1655 - get paper here
  • Jaramillo, C., L. D. Wilson, R. Ibáñez, and F. Jaramillo 2010. The herpetofauna of Panama: distribution and conservation status. In L. D. Wilson, J. H. Townsend, and J. D. Johnson (eds.), Conservation of Mesoamerican Amphibians and Reptiles. Eagle Mountain Publishing LC, Eagle Mountain, Utah, Pg. 604–671
  • KÖHLER, GUNTHER 2014. Characters of external morphology used in Anolis taxonomy—Definition of terms, advice on usage, and illustrated examples. Zootaxa 3774 (2): 201–257 - get paper here
  • Losos, J. B. 2009. Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree: Ecology and Adaptive Radiation of Anoles. Berkeley: University of California Press, 528 pp. - get paper here
  • Martínez-Fonseca JG, Holmes IA, Sunyer J, Westeen EP, Grundler MR, Cerda PA, Fernández-Mena MA, Loza-Molina JC, Monagan IV Jr., Nondorf D, Pandelis GG, Rabosky ARD 2023. A collection and analysis of amphibians and reptiles from Nicaragua with new country and departmental records. Check List 20(1): 58-125 - get paper here
  • McCranie, J.R. 1993. Additions to the Herpetofauna of Honduras. Carib. J. Sci. 29 (3/4): 254-25
  • McCranie, James R. 2015. A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with additions, comments on taxonomy, some recent taxonomic decisions, and areas of further studies needed. Zootaxa 3931 (3): 352–386 - get paper here
  • McCranie, James R. 2018. The Lizards, Crocodiles, and Turtles of Honduras. Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Special Publication Series (2): 1- 666 - get paper here
  • McCranie, James R. and Gunther Köhler 2015. The Anoles (Reptilia: Squamata: Dactyloidae: Anolis: Norops) of Honduras. Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard (Special Publication Series, No. 1): 1-280 [review in Q. J. Biol. 91: 227] - get paper here
  • Mora, J. M., and Bárbara I. Escobar-Anleu. 2017. River rocks as sleeping perches for Norops oxylophus and Basiliscus plumifrons in the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(2): 418–422 - get paper here
  • MURPHY R. W., SMITH A. and NGO A. 2007. The versions of Cope's Batrachia and Reptilia of Costa Rica. Bibliotheca Herpetologica 7 (1): - get paper here
  • Nicholson KE, C. Guyer, and JG Phillips 2017. Biogeographic Origin of Mainland Norops (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Assumptions Inhibiting Progress in Comparative Biology (eds. Crother and Parenti), pp. 169–184
  • Nicholson, K. E., R. E. Glor, J. J. Kolbe, A. Larson, S. B. Hedges, and J. B. Losos 2005. Mainland colonization by island lizards. Journal of Biogeography 32: 929–938 - get paper here
  • NICHOLSON, KIRSTEN E.; BRIAN I. CROTHER, CRAIG GUYER & JAY M. SAVAGE 2012. It is time for a new classification of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa 3477: 1–108 - get paper here
  • NICHOLSON, KIRSTEN E.; BRIAN I. CROTHER, CRAIG GUYER & JAY M. SAVAGE 2018. Translating a clade based classification into one that is valid under the international code of zoological nomenclature: the case of the lizards of the family Dactyloidae (Order Squamata). Zootaxa 4461 (4): 573–586 - get paper here
  • Oakley, Joseph L. 2023. Communal sleeping and sleeping-perch fidelity in the Stream Anole, Anolis (Norops) oxylophus, in Costa Rica. Reptiles & Amphibians 30 (1): e18412 - get paper here
  • Poe, S. 2013. 1986 Redux: New genera of anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) are unwarranted. Zootaxa 3626 (2): 295–299 - get paper here
  • Ream, Kelsey A. and Kelsey E. Reider. 2013. Anolis oxylophus (stream anole) peccary wallows as novel habitat. Herpetological Review 44 (2): 313-314 - get paper here
  • Rovito, Sean Michael; Thomas James Devitt, Susan Cameron Devitt 2015. First survey of the amphibians and reptiles of the Nectandra Cloud Forest Reserve, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Check List 11 (2): 1570 - get paper here
  • Savage, J. M., & VILLA, J. 1986. An Introduction to the Herpetofauna of Costa Rica. Soc. Stud. Amphib. Rept. Contrib. Herpetol. No. 3, viii + 207 pp.
  • Savage, J.M. 2002. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Costa Rica: A Herpetofauna Between Two Continents, Between Two Seas. University of Chicago Press, 934 pp. [review in Copeia 2003 (1): 205]
  • Spangler, M. 2015. Chapter 12 - Amphibians and Reptiles at the Ometepe and La Suerte Field Sites: Toward an Overview of the Evolution, Diversity, and Natural History of Central America’s Herpetofauna. In: F. Huettmann (ed.), Central American Biodiversity. Springer, pp. 273-313 - get paper here
  • Sunyer, Javier 2014. An updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Nicaragua. Mesoamerican Herpetology 1 (2): 186–202. - get paper here
  • Sunyer, Javier & José́ Gabriel Martínez-Fonseca 2023. An updated country checklist to the amphibians and reptiles of Nicaragua. REVISTA NICARAGÜENSE DE BIODIVERSIDAD (100): 1-25 - get paper here
  • Sunyer, Javier, José Gabriel Martínez-Fonseca and Milton Salazar-Saavedra. 2016. New departmental records for lizards in Nicaragua. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3(4): 1049–1054 - get paper here
  • Taylor, E. H. 1956. A review of the lizards of Costa Rica. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 38 (part 1): 3-322 - get paper here
  • Williams E E 1984. New or problematic Anolis from Colombia. 3. Two new semiaquatic anoles from Antioquia and Choco, Colombia. Breviora (478): 1-22 - get paper here
 
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