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Apalone spinifera (LESUEUR, 1827)

IUCN Red List - Apalone spinifera - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaTrionychidae (Trionychinae), Trionychoidea, Testudines (turtles)
SubspeciesApalone spinifera aspera (AGASSIZ 1857)
Apalone spinifera atra WEBB & LEGLER 1960
Apalone spinifera emoryi (AGASSIZ 1857)
Apalone spinifera guadalupensis (WEBB 1962)
Apalone spinifera pallida (WEBB 1962)
Apalone spinifera spinifera (LESUEUR 1827) 
Common Namesaspera: Gulf Coast Spiny Softshell
ater: Spiny Softshell
emoryi: Texas Spiny Softshell
guadalupensis: Guadalupe Spiny Softshell
hartwegi: Western Spiny Softshell
pallida: Pallid Spiny Softshell
spinifera: Eastern Spiny Softshell
G: Dornrand-Weichschildkröte
S: Tortuga de Concha Blanda 
SynonymTrionyx spiniferus LESUEUR 1827: 258
Trionyx ocellatus LESUEUR 1827: 258 [non Trionyx ocellatus GRAY 1830]
Gymnopus Spiniferus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 477
Aspidonectes spinifer — GARNIER 1881
Aspidonectes spinifer — BAUR 1888: 736
Amyda spinifera — BURT 1935
Amyda spinifera — CONANT 1938
Trionyx spiniferus — STEBBINS 1985: 108
Apalone spinifera — CROTHER 2000: 75
Trionyx spiniferus — PURSER 2003
Apalone spinifera — CROTHER et al. 2012
Apalone spinifera — TTWG 2014
Apalone spinifera — TTWG 2021
Apalone spinifera — HANSEN & SHEDD 2025
Apalone spinifera — TTWG 2025

Apalone spinifera aspera (AGASSIZ 1857)
Aspidonectes asper AGASSIZ 1857: 405
Platypeltis agassizii BAUR 1888
Amyda spinifera aspera — STEJNEGER & BARBOUR 1939
Trionyx spiniferus asper — SCHWARTZ 1956
Apalone spinifera aspera— ERNST & BARBOUR 1989
Apalone spinifera aspera — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 79
Apalone spinifera aspera — CROTHER 2000: 75
Apalone spinifera aspera — CROTHER et al. 2012
Apalone spinifera aspera — TTWG 2014
Apalone spinifera aspera — BEANE 2019
Apalone spinifera aspera — TTWG 2021

Apalone spinifera atra WEBB & LEGLER 1960
Trionyx ater WEBB & LEGLER 1960
Trionyx ater — WEBB 1962: 528
Trionyx spiniferus ater— IVERSON 1986
Apalone spinifera ater — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989
Apalone ater — DAVID 1994
Apalone spinifera ater — LINER 1994
Apalone spinifera atra — MCCORD & JOSEPH-OUNI 2005
Apalone ater — BONIN et al 2006
Apalone atra — LEGLER & VOGT 2013
Apalone spinifera atra — TTWG 2014
Apalone atra — JOHNSON et al. 2017
Apalone spinifera atra — TTWG 2017
Apalone atra — LAZCANO et al. 2019
Apalone spinifera atra — TTWG 2021

Apalone spinifera emoryi (AGASSIZ 1857)
Aspidonectes emoryi AGASSIZ 1857
Aspidonectes emyda GRAY 1870 (ex errore)
Aspidonectes georgii GRAY 1870 (ex errore)
Aspidonectes californiana RIVERS 1889
Trionyx emoryi — BOULENGER 1889
Platypeltis emoryi — BAUR 1893
Aspidonectes emoryi — STRECKER 1910: 121
Platypeltis emoryi — SMITH 1939
Amyda emoryi — SMITH 1939: 312
Platypeltis emoryi — SCHMIDT & OWENS 1944
Trionyx ferox emoryi — WEBB 1956
Trionyx spiniferus emoryi — SCHWARTZ 1956
Trionyx spinifer emoryi — BRADLEY & DEACON 1966
Trionyx spiniferus emoryi — STEBBINS 1985: 109
Apalone spinifera emoryi — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989
Apalone spinifera emoryi — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 82
Trionyx spiniferus emoryi — DIXON 2000
Apalone spinifera emoryi — CROTHER 2000: 75
Apalone spinifera emoryi — CROTHER et al. 2012
Apalone spinifera emoryi — TTWG 2014
Apalone spinifera emoryi — TTWG 2021

Apalone spinifera guadalupensis (WEBB 1962)
Trionyx spinifer guadalupensis WEBB 1962: 517
Trionyx spiniferus guadalupensis — DIXON 2000
Apalone spinifera guadalupensis — CROTHER 2000: 75
Apalone spinifera guadalupensis — CROTHER et al. 2012
Apalone spinifera guadalupensis — TTWG 2014
Apalone spinifera guadalupensis — TTWG 2021

Apalone spinifera pallida (WEBB 1962)
Trionyx spinifer pallidus WEBB 1962: 522
Trionyx spiniferus pallida — DIXON 2000
Apalone spinifera pallida — CROTHER 2000: 75
Apalone spinifera pallida — CROTHER et al. 2012
Apalone spinifera pallida — TTWG 2014
Apalone spinifera pallida — TTWG 2021

Apalone spinifera spinifera (LE SUEUR 1827)
Trionyx ocellatus LE SUEUR 1827
Apalone hudsonica RAFINESQUE 1832
Trionyx annulifer WIED 1839
Tyrse argus GRAY 1844
Aspidonectes nuchalis AGASSIZ 1857
Gymnopus olivaceus WIED 1865
Amyda spinifera spinifera— STEJNEGER & BARBOUR 1939
Amyda spinifera hartwegi CONANT & GOIN 1948
Trionyx spiniferus hartwegi — SCHWARTZ 1956
Trionyx spinifer — SCHWARTZ 1956
Trionyx spinifer hartwegi — MCCOY 1975
Trionyx spiniferus hartwegi — STEBBINS 1985: 109
Apalone spinifera hartwegi — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989
Apalone spinifera spinifera— ERNST & BARBOUR 1989
Apalone spinifera spinifera — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 79
Apalone spinifera hartwegi — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 79
Trionyx spiniferus hartwegi — DIXON 2000
Apalone spinifera hartwegi — CROTHER 2000: 75
Apalone spinifera spinifera — CROTHER 2000: 75
Apalone spinifera spinifera — CROTHER et al. 2012
Apalone spinifera spinifera — TTWG 2014
Apalone spinifera spinifera — BEANE 2019
Apalone spinifera spinifera — TTWG 2021 
DistributionUSA (NW Vermont, W New York, W Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Indiana, Kansas, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Nebraska, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, NW Florida, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Arizona, SE California, S Nevada, SW Utah, Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota, New Jersey, Colorado),
Canada (S Ontario, Quebec),
Mexico (N Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, San Luis Potosí, and E Chihuahua, Baja California, Morelos, Jalisco, Puebla, Guerrero, Sonora)

Type locality: "Newharmony, sur le Wabash" (= New Harmony, Wabash River), Posey County, Indiana, U.S.A.

aspera: USA (North Carolina)

atra: Mexico (Coahuila: basin of Cuatro Ciénegas). Type locality: 16 km sout of Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, Mexico.

emoryi: USA (W Texas), Mexico( Coahuila, Tamaulipas). Type locality: Originally two type localities: the “lower Rio Grande of Texas, near Brownsville” [Cameron County, Texas]; and “Williamson County, in a stream emptying into the Rio Brazos.” Webb’s designation of the lectotype restricted the type locality to the former of these two options (Lieb 2023).

guadalupensis: Texas; Type locality: McMullen; 24.1 krn NE Tilden [McMullen County, Texas]

hartwegi: N Texas; Type locality: Kansas, Sedgwick, Wichita.

pallidus: Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma

Introduced to California fide Hansen & Shedd 2024.  
Reproductionoviparous. Apalone ferox and A. spinifera hybridize (LOVE 2009). 
TypesLectotype: MNHN-RA 8808, designated by Webb 1962: 491; Syntypes: MNHN-RA 1949 (mistake), 6957 (mistake), 8807 (paralectotype of Bour et al. 1995), 8808 (not paralectotype of Bour et al. 1995), 8809 (paralectotype of Bour et al. 1995), 8810 (not paralectotype of Bour et al. 1995), 8811 (paralectotype of Bour et al. 1995), 8812 (paralectotype of Bour et al. 1995); ). See also Bour et al. 1995.
Syntype: USNM 51981, skull only [Platypeltis agassizii]
Holotype: MCZ R-37172 [aspera]
Holotype: KU 46903, female, collected on September 6, 1958, by John M. Legler, Wendell L. Minckley, and Robert B. Wimmer [atra]
Lectotype: USNM 7855. Lectotype designation by Webb (1962), p. 510. Syntypes: MCZ R-184852, R-184854, R-1910, R-1627, R-1909, R-184853 [emoryi]
Holotype: UMMZ 89926, adult male, paratypes: ANSP, USNM, TU, UMMZ [guadalupensis]
Holotype: UMMZ 95365 [hartwegi]
Holotype: LSUM 111652, adult male (was: Tulane Univ) [pallida] 
DiagnosisUnfortunately we had to temporarily remove additional information as this was scraped by multiple AI companies who sell that data to their customers. These details, e.g. detailed descriptions or comparisons (about 2490 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentTypes: For comments on the type of Trionyx ocellatus and of Tyrse argus see WEBB 2004.

Type species: Apalone hudsonica RAFINESQUE 1832 is the type species of the genus Apalone RAFINESQUE 1832.

Habitat: freshwater (rivers and tributaries, lakes)

Distribution: see map in TTWG 2025. 
EtymologyNamed after the Latin words spina, meaning "thorn" and -fer, meaning "bearing," in reference to the tubercles on the anterior edge of the carapace (Lemos-Espinal & Dixon 2013).

A. s. aspera was named after Latin “asper” = rough.

A. s. atra was named after its color, Latin “ater, atra, atrum” = dark or black.

A. s. emoryi was named after William Hemsley Emory.

A. s. guadalupensis was named after the Guadalupe River.

A. s. pallida was named after Latin “pallidus” = pale or yellow(ish).

The genus was named after the Latin words apalos, meaning "soft" and -on, meaning "very," in reference to the soft shell in the members of this genus.  
References
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