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Aspidoscelis neomexicanus (LOWE & ZWEIFEL, 1952)

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Higher TaxaTeiidae, Teiinae, Gymnophthalmoidea, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: New Mexico Whiptail
S: Huico de Nuevo México 
SynonymCnemidophorus neomexicanus LOWE & ZWEIFEL 1952
Cnemidophorus perplexus BAIRD & GIRARD 1852
Cnemidophorus sexlineatus perplexus — BURT 1935
Cnemidophorus perplexus — TAYLOR 1938: 488
Cnemidophorus perplexus — SMITH 1946
Cnemidophorus perplexus — JAMESON & FLURY 1949
Cnemidophorus neomexicanus — STEBBINS 1985: 154
Cnemidophorus neomexicanus — MASLIN & SECOY 1986
Cnemidophorus neomexicanus — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 123
Cnemidophorus neomexicanus — LINER 1994
Aspidoscelis neomexicana — REEDER et al. 2002
Aspidoscelis neomexicanus — PYRON & BURBRINK 2013
Aspidoscelis neomexicana — LEMOS-ESPINAL 2015 
DistributionUSA (W Texas, New Mexico, Arizona [Petrified Forest National Park]), Mexico (N Chihuahua)

Type locality: McDonald Ranch Headquarters, 4,800 feet elevation, 8.7 miles west and 22.8 miles south of new Bingham Post Office, Socorro County, New Mexico”.  
Reproductionoviparous<br><br>Hybridization: The parthenogenetic species Aspidoscelis neomexicana arose from a hybridization event involving a male A. inornata and a female A. tigris. 
TypesHolotype: MVZ 55807 (Berkeley), female, collected by Charles Lowe Jr on 2 Aug 1947, paratypes: BYU 
Diagnosis 
CommentWalker et al. 1997 (J. Herpetol. 31(1): 103-10) replaced this name with C. perplexus Baird & Girard, 1852, which has priority. However, Smith et al. 199 proposed to maintain neomexicanus which was supported by ICZN opinion 1929.

“For the past 44 yr, populations of the parthenogenetic New Mexico whiptail lizard have been allocated to either Cnemidophorus perplexus Baird and Girard 1852 or Cnemidophorus neomexicanus Lowe and Zweifel 1952. The latter name has been in general use for the past 30 yr based on an opinion that the lectotype of C. perplexus, United States National Museum (USNM) 3060, was a triploid hybrid derived from insemination of a normally parthenogenetic individual of C. neomexicanus by a male of C. inornatus. Questions concerning the genealogy of the lectotype have recently resurfaced. Therefore, we used canonical variate (CVA) and principal components analyses (PCA) of nine meristic characters and snout-vent length to test the hypothesis that the lectotype of C. perplexus is a hybrid. Because C. neomexicanus and C. inornatus are sympatric at the type locality of the former, this also provided an opportunity to verify that the type of C. neomexicanus is not a hybrid. Our reference material included two sets of geographically paired samples of the presumptive parental species, C. neomexicanus (n = ) and C. inornatus (n = 105) from the vicinity of the restricted type locality of C. perplexus. Of 23 specimens presumed from morphological features to be C. neomexicanus times C. inornatus hybrids, 13 that were syntopic with one of the reference sets were used as our hybrid reference group. The type specimens of C. perplexus and C. neomexicanus were included in the CVA as unknowns for assignment to the hybrid group or taxon with which each shared the greatest multivariate similarity. The CVA assigned the holotype of C. neomexicanus to C. neomexicanus (Set 1: P = 0.642; Set 2: P = 0.358), and the lectotype of C. perplexus was assigned to C. neomexicanus as well (Set 2: P = 0.89; Set 1: P = 0.211). Projections of scores for both types in a principal components analysis of all specimens supported both assignments. In addition, the color pattern of the lectotype resembles C. neomexicanus and none of the 23 hybrids, and meristic scores of the lectotype are within the range limits of our reference samples of C. neomexicanus. Our analyses indicate that the lectotype of C. perplexus was misidentified as a hybrid by previous workers. However, there are two compelling reasons why we shall petition the ICZN to suppress perplexus as an available name for a species of Cnemidophorus: (1) ambiguity concerning the type locality; and (2) controversy as to whether the name C. perplexus should be associated with specimen USNM 3060. Approval of the petition will bring the issue to closure and extend the 30yr use of the name C. neomexicanus for the New Mexico whiptail” (from Taylor & Walker 1996). 
EtymologyNamed after the state of New Mexico. 
References
  • Axtell, Ralph W. 1966. Geographic distribution of the unisexual whiptail Cnemidophorus neomexicanus (Sauria: Teiidae)-present and past. Herpetologica 22 (4): 241-253 - get paper here
  • Bartlett, R. D. & Bartlett, P. 1999. A Field Guide to Texas Reptiles and Amphibians. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, 331 pp.
  • Bateman, Heather L.; Howard L. Snell, Alice Chung-MacCoubrey, and Deborah M. Finch 2010. Growth, Activity, and Survivorship from Three Sympatric Parthenogenic Whiptails (Family Teiidae). Journal of Herpetology 44 (2): 301–306 - get paper here
  • Bezy, Robert L. 2020. John William Wright— Recollections of Juan Siempre Correcto. Sonoran Herpetologist 33 (3): 83-92
  • Burt, Charles E. 1935. Further records of the ecology and distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the middle west. American Midland Naturalist 16 (3): 311-336 - get paper here
  • Christiansen, J.L. 1973. Natural and Artificially Induced Oviducal and Ovarian Growth in Two Species of Cnemidophorus (Sauria: Teiidae) Herpetologica 29 (3): 195-204. - get paper here
  • Christiansen, J.L., W.G. Degenhardt & J.E. White 1971. Habitat Preferences of Cnemidophorus inornatus and C. neomexicanus with Reference to Conditions Contributing to their Hybridization Copeia 1971 (2): 357-359. - get paper here
  • Christiansen, James L. 1971. Reproduction of Cnemidophorus inornatus and Cnemidophorus neomexicanus (Sauria, Teiidae) in northern New Mexico. American Museum novitates (2442): 1-48 - get paper here
  • Cole, Charles J.;Dessauer, Herbert C.;Barrowclough, Geroge F. 1988. Hybrid origin of a unisexual species of whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus neomexicanus, in western North America: New evidence and a review. American Museum Novitates (2905): 1-38 - get paper here
  • Collins, J.T. and T. W. Taggart 2009. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Sixth Edition. Center for North American Herpetology, 48 pp.
  • Conant,R. & Collins,J.T. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern/Central North America, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin (Boston/New York), xx + 450 p.
  • Cordes, James E. and James M. Walker 2006. Evolutionary and Systematic Implications of Skin Histocompatibility Among Parthenogenetic Teiid Lizards: Three Color Pattern Classes of Aspidoscelis dixoni and One of Aspidoscelis tesselata. Copeia, 2006 (1):14-26 - get paper here
  • Cordes, James E. and James M. Walker. 2016. Aspidoscelis neomexicanus (New Mexico Whiptail) Aquatic behavior. Herpetological Review 47 (2): 295 - get paper here
  • Crother, B. I. (ed.) 2012. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Seventh Edition. Herpetological Circular 39: 1-92
  • Degenhardt, William G.; C. W. Painter, and A. H. Price 1996. Amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico. Univ. New Mexico Press, 431 pp.
  • Dessauer, H.C. & Cole, C.J. 1984. INFLUENCE OF GENE DOSAGE ON ELECTROPHORETIC PHENOTYPES OF PROTEINS FROM LIZARDS OF THE GENUS CNEMIDOPHORUS. Camp. Biochem. Physiol. 77B (1): 181-189 - get paper here
  • Dixon, James R. 2000. Amphibians and reptiles of Texas, second edition. Texas A&M University Press, 421 pp.
  • Emmons, Iain D., Trevor b. Persons, David N. Velk and Andrew Bridges. 2015. Geographic Distribution: Aspidoscelis neomexicana (New Mexico whiptail). Herpetological Review 46 (4): 567-568 - get paper here
  • Giller, G. 2021. The weird biology of asexual lizards. Knowable Magazine, 3 March 2021 - get paper here
  • ICZN 1999. OPINION 1929. Cnemidophorus neomexicanus Lowe & Zweifel, 1952 (Reptilia, Squamata) : specific name conserved. Bull. Zool. Nomenclature 56 (2) - get paper here
  • Jameson, David H.;Flury, Alvin G. 1949. The reptiles and amphibians of the Sierra Vieja Range of southwestern Texas. Texas Journal of Science 1 (2): 54-77 - get paper here
  • Jones, L.L. & Lovich, R.E. 2009. Lizards of the American Southwest. A photographic field guide. Rio Nuevo Publishers, Tucson, AZ, 568 pp. [review in Reptilia 86: 84] - get paper here
  • Lemos-Espinal, Julio A. (ed.) 2015. Amphibians and Reptiles of the US - Mexico Border States / Anfibios y Reptiles de los Estados de la Frontera México - Estados Unidos. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas. x + 614 pp.; ISBN 978-1-62349-306-6. - get paper here
  • Lowe, Charles H. Zweifel, Richard G. 1952. A new species of Whiptail lizard (Genus Cnemidophorus) from New Mexico. Bulletin of the Chicago Academy of Sciences 9 (13): 229-247
  • Lowe, Charles H., Jr;Wright, John W. 1966. Evolution of parthenogenetic species of Cnemidophorus (Whiptail lizards) in western North America. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 4 (2): 81-87 - get paper here
  • Maslin, T. & Secoy, D.M. 1986. A checklist of the lizard genus Cnemidophorus (Teiidae). Contr. Zool. Univ. Colorado Mus. 1: 1-60
  • Maslin, T. Paul 1971. Conclusive evidence of parthenogenesis in three species of Cnemidophorus (Teiidae). Copeia 1971 (1): 156-158 - get paper here
  • Maslin, T. Paul;Beidleman, Richard G.;Lowe, Charles H., Jr 1958. The status of the lizard Cnemidophorus perplexus Baird and Girard (Teiidae). Proc. US Natl. Mus. 108 (3406): 331-345 - get paper here
  • Neaves, William B. and Peter Baumann 2011. Unisexual reproduction among vertebrates. Trends in Genetics 27 (3): 81-88 - get paper here
  • Persons T. & Wright, J.W. 1999. Discovery of Cnemidophorus neomexicanus in Arizona. Herpetological Review 30 (4): 207-209 - get paper here
  • PERSONS, TREVOR B.; JOHN W. WRIGHT & STEVE W. GOTTE. 2021. Origin of an Arizona population of the New Mexico Whiptail Lizard (Aspidoscelis neomexicanus): Evidence from skin grafting and review of an enigmatic specimen. Sonoran Herpetologist 34(3): 70–78. - get paper here
  • Pyron, R. Alexander; Frank T. Burbrink 2013. Early origin of viviparity and multiple reversions to oviparity in squamate reptiles. Ecology Letters 17 (1): 13–21 (published online 2013, in print 2014), DOI: 10.1111/ele.12168 - get paper here
  • REEDER, T.W.; CHARLES J. COLE AND HERBERT C. DESSAUER 2002. Phylogenetic Relationships of Whiptail Lizards of the Genus Cnemidophorus (Squamata: Teiidae): A Test of Monophyly, Reevaluation of Karyotypic Evolution, and Review of Hybrid Origins. American Museum Novitates 3365: 1-64 - get paper here
  • Smith H M.; Taylor H L. Walker J M.; Axtell R W.; Beaupre S J.; Chiszar-D.; Cordes J E. Lemos-Espinal J A.; Price A H.; Van Breukelen F. & Zweifel R G. 1997. Cnemidophorus neomexicanus Lowe and Zweifel, 1952 (Reptilia, Squamata): Proposed conservation of the specific name. Bull. Zool. Nomenclature 54, (3):167-171. - get paper here
  • Stebbins,R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston
  • Taylor H L. Walker J M. 1996. Cnemidophorus neomexicanus-Cnemidophorus perplexus nomenclatural problem (Sauria: Teiidae) and its resolution. Copeia 1996 (4): 945-954 - get paper here
  • Taylor, Edward Harrison 1938. Notes on the herpetological fauna of the Mexican state of Sonora. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 24 (19): 475-503 [1936] - get paper here
  • Taylor, Harry L. 2014. Comparison of morphological variation among parthenogenetic Aspidoscelis neomexicana, gonochoristic A. Sexlineata viridis, and their hybrids (Squamata: Teiidae) from Ute Lake and Conchas Lake, northeastern New Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist Jun 2014, Vol. 59, No. 2: 251-257. - get paper here
  • Tucker, Derek B.; Guarino R. Colli, Lilian G. Giugliano, S. Blair Hedges, Catriona R. Hendry, Emily Moriarty Lemmon, Alan R. Lemmon, Jack W. Sites Jr., R. Alexander Pyron 2016. Methodological congruence in phylogenomic analyses with morphological support for teiid lizards (Sauria: Teiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 103: 75-84 - get paper here
  • Walker, J. M.;Cordes, J. E.;Abuhteba, R. M. 1990. Hybridization between all-female Cnemidophorus neomexicanus and gonochoristic C. sexlineatus (Sauria: Teiidae). American Midland Naturalist 123 (2): 404-408 - get paper here
  • Walker, James M., James E. Cordes and Stanley E. Trauth. 2013. Aspidoscelis neomexicana (New Mexico whiptail) x Aspidoscelis inornata llanuras (Plains striped whiptail) phenotype. Herpetological Review 44 (4): 666-667 - get paper here
  • Walker, James M., James E. Cordes, Douglas W. Burkett and James F. Scudday. 2013. Aspidoscelis neomexicana (New Mexico whiptail) habitat. Herpetological Review 44 (2): 318-319 - get paper here
  • Walker, James M., James E. Cordes, Stanley E. Trauth and Glenn J. Manning. 2013. Aspidoscelis neomexicana (New Mexico whiptail) x Aspidoscelis sexlineata viridis (prairie racerunner) duration of hybridization. Herpetological Review 44 (3): 505-507 - get paper here
  • Walker, James M.; Cordes, James E.; Dixon, James R. 2017. Distinguishing characters and variation in Aspidoscelis neomexicana (Squamata: Teiidae): a little known diploid parthenogenetic whiptail lizard in Texas. The Texas Journal of Science 68(2):33-45 - get paper here
  • Wright, John W. 1971. Cnemidophorus neomexicanus. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (109): 1-3 - get paper here
  • Wright, John W.;Degenhardt, William G. 1962. The type locality of Cnemidophorus perplexus. Copeia 1962 (1): 210-211 - get paper here
  • Wright, John W.;Lowe, Charles H. 1967. Hybridization in nature between parthenogenetic and bisexual species of whiltail lizards (genus Cnemidophorus). American Museum Novitates (2286): 36 - get paper here
 
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