Aspidoscelis tigris (BAIRD & GIRARD, 1852)

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Higher Taxa	Teiidae, Teiinae, Gymnophthalmoidea, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies	Aspidoscelis tigris aethiops (COPE 1900) Aspidoscelis tigris dickersonae (VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN 1921) Aspidoscelis tigris disparilis (DICKERSON 1919) Aspidoscelis tigris multiscutatus (COPE 1892) Aspidoscelis tigris mundus (CAMP 1916) Aspidoscelis tigris nigroriens (HENDRICKS & DIXON 1986) Aspidoscelis tigris pulcher (WILLIAMS, SMITH & CHRAPLIWY 1960) Aspidoscelis tigris punctatus (WALKER & MASLIN 1965) Aspidoscelis tigris punctilinealis (DICKERSON 1919) Aspidoscelis tigris rubidus (COPE 1892) Aspidoscelis tigris septentrionalis (BURGER 1950) Aspidoscelis tigris stejnegeri (VAN DENBURGH 1894) Aspidoscelis tigris tigris (BAIRD & GIRARD 1852) Aspidoscelis tigris variolosus (COPE 1892) Aspidoscelis tigris vividus (WALKER 1981)
Common Names	E: Western Whiptail, Tiger Whiptail G: Tiger-Rennechse punctilinealis: Sonoran Tiger Whiptail stejnegeri: Coastal Whiptail S: Huico Tigre
Synonym	Cnemidophorus tigris BAIRD & GIRARD 1852 Cnemidophorus tigris — MCLAIN 1899 Cnemidophorus tigris — STEBBINS 1985: 161 Cnemidophorus tigris — LINER 1994 Aspidoscelis tigris — REEDER et al. 2002 Aspidoscelis tigris — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009 Aspidoscelis tigris aethiops (COPE 1900) Cnemidophorus tesselatus aethiops COPE 1900: 582 Cnemidophorus tigris aethiops — SMITH & BURGER 1949: 282 Cnemidophorus canus VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN 1921 (fide WRIGHT (1993) Cnemidophorus bacatus VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN 1921 Cnemidophorus catalinensis VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN 1921 Cnemidophorus tesselatus aethiops — SMITH 1946 Cnemidophorus bacatus — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 187 Cnemidophorus catalinensis — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 188 Cnemidophorus tigris canus — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 190 Cnemidophorus gadovi BURGER 1950 (fide ZWEIFEL 1956) Cnemidophorus tigris aethiops — ZWEIFEL & NORRIS 1955 Cnemidophorus tigris aethiops — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Cnemidophorus bacatus — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Cnemidophorus canus — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Cnemidophorus catalinensis — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Aspidoscelis cana — GRISMER 1999 Aspidoscelis tigris aethiops — REEDER et al. 2002 Aspidoscelis tigris aethiops — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis bacatus — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis cana — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis catalinensis — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis bacata — JONES & LOVICH 2009 Aspidoscelis cana — JONES & LOVICH 2009 Aspidoscelis catalinensis — JONES & LOVICH 2009 Aspidoscelis bacata — ENDERSON et al. 2009 Aspidoscelis baccata — LEMOS-ESPINAL 2015: 447 (in error) Aspidosceles cana — LEMOS-ESPINAL 2015: 447 (in error) Aspidoscelis bacata — JOHNSON et al. 2017 Aspidoscelis cana — JOHNSON et al. 2017 Aspidoscelis catalinensis — JOHNSON et al. 2017 Aspidoscelis canus — PERALTA-GARCÍA et al. 2023 Aspidoscelis catalinensis — PERALTA-GARCÍA et al. 2023 Aspidoscelis tigris dickersonae (VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN 1921) Cnemidophorus dickersonae VAN DENBURGH & SLEVIN 1921 Cnemidophorus tigris dickersonae — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Cnemidophorus tigris dickersonae — BAUER & GÜNTHER 1994 Aspidoscelis tigris disparilis (DICKERSON 1919) Cnemidophorus disparilis DICKERSON 1919: 473 Cnemidophorus tigris aethiops — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 189 Cnemidophorus tigris — GRISMER 1999 Aspidoscelis tigris disparilis — REEDER et al. 2002 Aspidoscelis tigris disparilis — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis tigris multiscutatus (COPE 1892) Cnemidophorus tesselatus multiscutatus COPE 1892: 28 Cnemidophorus stejnegeri — VAN DENBURGH 1894: 300 Cnemidophorus multiscutatus — VAN DENBURGH 1895: 126 Cnemidophorus stejnegeri — VAN DENBURGH 1895: 126 Cnemidophorus tesselatus stejnegeri — STEJNEGER & BARBOUR 1917: 68 Cnemidophorus bartolomas DICKERSON 1919: 476 Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 191 Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus — ZWEIFEL 1958 Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus — BOSTIC 1971 Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus — GOLDBERG 1976 Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus — WALKER 1981 Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus — LINER 1994 Aspidoscelis tigris multiscutata — REEDER et al. 2002 Aspidoscelis tigris multiscutata — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis tigris mundus (CAMP 1916) Cnemidophorus undulatus HALLOWELL 1854: 94 (non WIEGMANN 1834) Cnemidophorus tigris mundus CAMP 1916: 71 (nom. subst.) Cnemidophorus tigris mundus — SCHMIDT 1953: 144 Cnemidophorus tigris mundus — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Aspidoscelis tigris munda — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009 Aspidoscelis tigris mundus — CHAFIN et al. 2022 Aspidoscelis tigris pulcher (WILLIAMS, SMITH & CHRAPLIWY 1960) Cnemidophorus tigris pulcher WILLIAMS, SMITH & CHRAPLIWY 1960: 43 Cnemidophorus tigris pulcher — SMITH et al. 1964: 47 Cnemidophorus tigris pulcher — BURKHOLDER & WALKER 1973 Cnemidophorus tigris pulcher — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Aspidoscelis tigris pulchra — REEDER et al. 2002 Aspidoscelis tigris pulchra — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis tigris punctatus (WALKER & MASLIN 1965) Cnemidophorus tigris punctatus WALKER & MASLIN 1965 Cnemidophorus tigris punctatus — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Aspidoscelis tigris punctilinealis (DICKERSON 1919) Cnemidophorus punctilinealis DICKERSON 1919: 475 Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis BAIRD & GIRARD 1852: 69 (fide TAYLOR & WALKER 1996) Cnemidophorus estebanensis DICKERSON 1919: 474 Cnemidophorus martyris STEJNEGER 1892 Cnemidophorus melanostethus COPE 1864: 104 (fide SMITH & TAYLOR 1950) Cnemidophorus melanostethus — VAN URGH 1913: 408 Cnemidophorus melanostethus — TAYLOR 1938: 485 Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 189 Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis — BURGER 1950 Cnemidophorus tigris martyris — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 191 Cnemidophorus tigris estebanensis — LOWE & NORRIS 1955: 92 Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis — WILLIAMS 1960 Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis — BURKHOLDER & WALKER 1973 Cnemidophorus estebanensis — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Aspidoscelis tigris punctilinealis — REEDER et al. 2002 Aspidoscelis estebanensis — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis tigris punctilinealis — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis tigris punctilinealis — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009 Aspidoscelis estebanensis — LOVICH & JONES 2009 Aspidoscelis martyris — JONES & LOVICH 2009 Aspidoscelis estebanensis — ENDERSON et al. 2009 Aspidoscelis estebanensis — LEMOS-ESPINAL 2015 Aspidoscelis tigris punctilineatus — FUNK et al. 2020 (in error) Aspidoscelis tigris punctilineatus — CHAFIN et al. 2022 Aspidoscelis tigris rubidus (COPE 1892) Cnemidophorus tesselatus rubidus COPE 1892: 36 Cnemidophorus rubidus — VAN DENBURGH 1895: 126 Cnemidophorus rubidus — VAN DENBURGH 1922: 546 Cnemidophorus tigris rubidus — SMITH & BURGER 1949: 282 Cnemidophorus celeripes DICKERSON 1919: 472 Cnemidophorus vandenburghi DICKERSON 1919: 477 Cnemidophorus tigris celeripes — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 190 Cnemidophorus tigris rubidus — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 191 Cnemidophorus tigris rubidus — LEVITON & BANTA 1964 Cnemidophorus tigris rubidus — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Cnemidophorus celeripes — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Aspidoscelis celeripes — GRISMER 1999 Aspidoscelis tigris rubida — REEDER et al. 2002 Aspidoscelis celeripes — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis tigris rubida — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis tigris vandenburghi — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis celeripes — JONES & LOVICH 2009 Aspidoscelis celeripes — JOHNSON et al. 2017 Aspidoscelis celeripes — PERALTA-GARCÍA et al. 2023 Aspidoscelis tigris septentrionalis (BURGER 1950) Cnemidophorus tigris septentrionalis BURGER 1950: 8 Cnemidophorus tigris septentrionalis — BURKHOLDER & WALKER 1973 Cnemidophorus tigris septentrionalis — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Aspidoscelis tigris septentrionalis — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009 Aspidoscelis tigris septentrionalis — HEYBORNE 2021 Aspidoscelis tigris septentrionalis — CHAFIN et al. 2022 Aspidoscelis tigris stejnegeri (VAN DENBURGH 1894) Cnemidophorus stejnegeri VAN DENBURGH 1894: 300 Cnemidophorus tesselatus stejnegeri — SMITH 1946 Cnemidophorus tigris vividus WALKER 1981 Cnemidophorus tigris stejnegeri — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Aspidoscelis tigris stejnegeri — REEDER et al. 2002 Aspidoscelis tigris stejnegeri — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis tigris vivida — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis tigris stejnegeri — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009 Aspidoscelis tigris stejnegeri — THOMSON et al. 2016 Aspidoscelis tigris stejnegeri — CHAFIN et al. 2022 Aspidoscelis tigris tigris (BAIRD & GIRARD 1852) Cnemidophorus tigris BAIRD & GIRARD 1852 Cnemidophorus dickersonae VAN DENBURGH and SLEVIN 1921 Cnemidophorus tigris tigris — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 189 Cnemidophorus tigris punctata WALKER & MASLIN 1964 Cnemidophorus tigris dickersonae — WALKER 1981 Cnemidophorus tigris tigris — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Aspidoscelis tigris punctata — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis tigris tigris — REEDER et al. 2002 Aspidoscelis tigris tigris — CHAFIN et al. 2022 Aspidoscelis tigris variolosus (COPE 1863) Cnemidophorus variolosus COPE 1863: 39 Cnemidophorus tigris nigroriens HENDRICKS & DIXON 1986 Cnemidophorus tigris variolosus — MASLIN & SECOY 1986 Aspidoscelis tigris nigroriens — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis tigris variolosa — REEDER et al. 2002 Aspidoscelis tigris variolosa — LINER & CASAS-ANDREU 2008 Aspidoscelis tigris vividus (WALKER 1981) Cnemidophorus tigris vividus WALKER 1981: 193 Cnemidophorus tigris vividus — MASLIN & SECOY 1986
Distribution	USA (California), Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Zacatecas) aethiops: Mexico (S Sonora and adjacent islands: Tiburón, San Esteban). Type locality: Hermosillo, Sonora. bacata: Mexico (Sonora); Type locality: San Pedro Nolasco Island, Sonora (fide SMITH & TAYLOR 1950). cana: Mexico (Sal Si Puedes [Salsipuedes] Island and north and South San Lorenzo Islands). Type locality: Sal Si Puedes Island, Gulf of California, Baja California. catalinensis: Mexico (Baja California); Type locality: Santa Catalina Island, Baja California. celeripes: Mexico; Type locality: San José Island, Baja California. dickersonae: Mexico, Baja California Norte; Type locality: Isla Partida, near Angel de la Guardia Island, Gulf of California. disparilis: Mexico (Sonora); Type locality: Mexico, Sonora, Gulf of California, Isla Tiburon. gracilis: USA (E California in Colorado River Valley, S Arizona south of the plateau, SW New Mexico, N Sonora); Type locality: “Desert of Colorado”. Restricted to Yuma, Arizona (SMITH & TAYLOR 1950). martyris: Mexico; Type locality: San Pedro Mártir Island, Gulf of California, Baja California. multiscutata: USA (coastal southern California), Mexico (Baja California). Type locality: Cedros Island, Baja California. mundus: USA (C California west of the Sierra Nevada, north to San Francisco Bay and south to Point Conception, Santa Barbara County); Type-locality: "Near Fort Yuma, in San Joachim Valley, California". Restricted by Stejneger (1893:200) to USA, California, Fresno Co., Fort Miller. nigroriens: Mexico (Coahuila); Type-locality: Mexico, Coahuila, 11 miles E Paredon, 25'56' N, 100'50' W. pulcher: Mexico (Chihuahua); Type locality: Mexico: 1.2 mi NW Carrillo, Chihuahua. punctatus: Mexico (Sonora); Type locality: Mexico, Sonora, 4 miles NW Puerto Penasco, Cholla Bay. punctilinealis: Mexico (Sonora): Type-locality: Mexico, Sonora, Gulf of California, Isla Tiburon. rubida: Mexico (Southern third of Baja California, south of San Marcos Island, including adjacent islands in the Gulf and off the western edge of the peninsula (Carmen, Santa Margarita, Magdalena Islands)). Type locality: Santa Margarita Island, Baja California. septentrionalis: USA (W Colorado, E Utah): Type locality: USA, Colorado, Garfield Co., Una. stejnegeri: coastal southern California. Type locality: Ensenada, Baja California. tigris: S Idaho, SE Oregon south through Nevada, W Utah and SE California to NE Baja California, NW Sonora. Type locality: “Valley of the Great Salt Lake”, Utah. Restricted to Salt Lake City, Utah. variolosus: Mexico (S Coahuila, NE Durango); Type locality: Mexico, Coahuila, Alamo de Parras. vividus: Mexico (Baja California Norte); Type-locality: Mexico, Baja California Norte, South Coronado Island.
Reproduction	Oviparous. bisexual.
Types	Holotype: USNM 4103 (tigris) Syntypes: USNM 64240-5 [aethiops] Holotype: CAS 49152 [bacatus] Holotype: USNM 64448 [Cnemidophorus bartolomas] Holotype: CAS 49153 [canus] Holotype: CAS 50507 [catalinensis] Holotype: USNM 64444 (listed as AMNH 5514 in original description) [celeripes] Holotype: CAS 49154 [dickersonae] Holotype: USNM 64445 (formerly AMNH 5227); female; C. H. Townsend, Albatross Expedition; 12 April 1911 [disparilis] Holotype: USNM 64446 [Cnemidophorus estebanensis] Holotype: USNM 3034 [gracilis] Holotype: USNM 15620 [martyris] Lectotype: USNM 15162 [multiscutatus] Lectotype: USNM 3040A; male; A. L. Heerman (designated by Maslin & Secoy 1986: 39), the larger of the two syntypes. The same specimen is also a lectotype of Cnemidophorus undulatus [mundus] Holotype: TCWC) 43403 (Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection); adult male, obtained by Fred S. Hendricks and Burl Hendricks on 15 June, 1973; orignial number FSH-2679 [nigroriens] Holotype: INHS (= UIMNH) 43762; P. S. Chrapliwy and K. L. Williams; August 1, 1958 [pulcher] Holotype: UCM 29200 (Universiy of Colorado Museum) [punctatus] Holotype: USNM 64447, listed as AMNH 5532 in original description. [punctilinealis] Lectotype: USNM 15153 [rubidus] Holotype: FMNH 38217; male; E. V. Prostov, Field Museum Colorado Paleontological Expedition of 1941; 25 June 1941 [septentrionalis] Holotype: CAS 1861; male; J. M. Stowell and Lunt; 8 June 1893 [stejnegeri] Holotype: USNM 64449 (formerly AMNH 5521); male; C. H. Townsend, Albatross Expedition; 2 April 1911 [vandenburghi] Holotype: USNM 3066; male; Lt. D. N. Couch [variolosus] Holotype: SDNHM = SDSNH 20075; male; L. M. Klauber [vividus]
Diagnosis	Additional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (3960 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details.
Comment	Subspecies and synonymy: Hendricks and Dixon (1986) gave species status to Cnemidophorus tigris marmoratus. They also transferred C. tigris pulcher and C. t. variolosus to C. marmoratus, but Dessauer and Cole (1991) returned them to C. tigris. Check out the cited papers for the complicated nomenclatorial issues concerning this species ;-). Similarly, most synonyms of C. t. aethiops have been treated as full species until they have been synonymized by Wright (1993, 1994). Walker (1988) discusses the status of C. t. dickersonae. Subspecies mainly after LINER (1994) who treats bacatus, canus, catalinensis, celeripes, and estebanensis as valid species. GRISMER (1999) synonymized C. t. estebanensis and C. t. disparilis with C. tigris and elevated bacatus, canus, celeripes, and martyris to full (evolutionary) species status. C. tigris does not occur on Isla San Benito, Baja California [HR 27: 69]. Cnemidophorus tigris punctilinealis of the Sonoran Desert and C. t. marmoratus of the Chihuahuan Desert contact each other and interbreed in the Animas Valley of southwestern New Mexico (DESAUER et al. 2000). C. t. reticuloriens was originally described by HENDRICKS (1975) in an unpublished PhD thesis and only later formally published (HENDRICKS & DIXON 1986). TAGGART & COLLINS ascribe it to VANCE 1978 for unknown reasons. Maslin & Secoy 1986 list C. t. disparilis as a synonym of gracilis, but later authors recognize it as valid. Synonymy: in a state of confusion. Check recent papers. A. t. mundus has been considered as a synonym of undulatus (WRIGHT 1993). See also CROTHER 2000. Subspecies that are not cited as chresonyms by Reeder et al. (2002) are not recognized by these authors. Genomics: this is one of the species selected by the Genome 10K consortium for complete genome sequencing. Distribution: see map in Sullivan in Jones & Lovich 2009: 394 and Chafin et al. 2022 (for tigris, stejnegeri, mundus, punctilinealis, septentrionalis). Not in Coahuila. Not in Nuevo León fide Nevárez-de los Reyes et al. 2016. Not in Durango fide Lemos-Espinal (2018). For a map of punctilinealis, septentrionalis, and aethiops see Dessauer et al. 2000: 7 (Fig. 1). Map for A. t. stejnegeri in Thomson et al. 2016: 193. Hybridization: A. marmoratus and A. tigris hybridize in a contact zone in SW New Mexico (Dessauer & Cole 1991).
Etymology	Named after Latin tigris, i.e. “of a tiger”, in reference to the color pattern, which, oddly, doesn’t look like a tiger, really. A. t. multiscutatus was named after Latin multi = many and Latin scutatus = scaled, in reference to the number of scales. A. t. mundus was named after Latin mundus = neat, sharp or elegant. A. t. punctilinealis Dickerson, was named after Latin punctus = puncture or point and Latin linealis = along the lines. A. t. septentrionalis was named after Latin septentrionalis = northern, in reference to its geographic distribution.
References	Babb, Randall D. and Thomas C. Brennan. 2013. Aspidoscelis tigris (tiger whiptail) diet. Herpetological Review 44 (3): 507 - get paper here Baird, S.F. and Girard,C. 1852. Characteristics of some new reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 6: 68-70 - get paper here Bauer, A.M. and R. Günther 1994. An annotated type catalogue of the teiid and microteiid lizards in the Zoological Museum, Berlin (Reptilia: Squamata: Teiidae and Gymnophthalmidae). Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 70:267-280 - get paper here Bezy, Robert L. and Charles J. Cole 2014. Amphibians and Reptiles of the Madrean Archipelago of Arizona and New Mexico. American Museum Novitates (3810): 1-24 - get paper here Bostic, D. L. 1971. Herpetofauna of the Pacific Coast of north central Baja California, Mexico, with a description of a new subspecies of Phyllodactylus xanti. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 16:237—263 - get paper here Brattstrom, Bayard H. 1954. Amphibians and reptiles from Gypsum Cave, Nevada. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 53 (1): 8-12 - get paper here Burger, W. Leslie 1950. New, revived, and reallocated names for North American whiptailed lizards, Genus Cnemidophorus. Natural History Miscellanea, Chicago Acad. Sci. (65): 1-9 Burkholder, G.L. & J.M. Walker 1973. Habitat and Reproduction of the Desert Whiptail Lizard, Cnemidophorus tigris Baird and Girard in Southwestern Idaho at the Northern Part of Its Range Herpetologica 29 (1): 76-83. - get paper here Camp, C.L. 1916. The subspecies of Sceloporus occidentalis, with description of a new form from the Sierra Nevada and systematic notes on other California lizards. Univ. California Publ. Zool. 17: 63-74 Chafin, T. K., Douglas, M. R., Anthonysamy, W. J., Sullivan, B. K., Walker, J. M., Cordes, J. E. and Douglas, M. E. 2021. Taxonomic hypotheses and the biogeography of speciation in the tiger whiptail complex (Aspidoscelis tigris: Squamata, Teiidae). Frontiers of Biogeography 13: e49120 - get paper here Cole, Charles J.; Painter, Charles W. (Charles Wilson), 1949-; Dessauer, Herbert C.; Taylor, Harry Leonard. 2007. Hybridization between the endangered unisexual gray-checkered whiptail lizard (Aspidoscelis dixoni) and the bisexual western whiptail lizard (Aspidoscelis tigris) in southwestern New Mexico. American Museum novitates (3555) - get paper here Collins, J.T. and T. W. Taggart 2009. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Sixth Edition. Center for North American Herpetology, 48 pp. Cooper Jr., W.E. 2005. Duration of movement as a lizard foraging movement variable. Herpetologica 61 (4): 363-372 - get paper here Cope, E.D. 1863. Descriptions of new American Squamata in the Museum of the Smtihsonian Institution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 15 [1863]: 100-106 - get paper here Cope, E.D. 1892. A synopsis of the species of the teiid genus Cnemidophorus. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (ser. 2) 17 (1): 27-52 [1893] - get paper here Cope, E.D. 1900. The crocodilians, lizards and snakes of North America. Ann. Rep. U.S. Natl. Mus. 1898: 153-1270 - get paper here Crother, B. I. 2000. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Herpetological Circular 29: 1-82 Crother, B. I. (ed.) 2012. Standard Common and Current Scientific Names for North American Amphibians, Turtles, Reptiles, and Crocodilians, Seventh Edition. Herpetological Circular 39: 1-92 Degenhardt, William G.; C. W. Painter, and A. H. Price 1996. Amphibians and reptiles of New Mexico. Univ. New Mexico Press, 431 pp. Dessauer, H.C. & Cole, C.J. 1984. INFLUENCE OF GENE DOSAGE ON ELECTROPHORETIC PHENOTYPES OF PROTEINS FROM LIZARDS OF THE GENUS CNEMIDOPHORUS. Camp. Biochem. Physiol. 77B (1): 181-189 - get paper here Dessauer, Herbert C.; Cole, Charles J. & Townsend, Carol R. 2000. Hybridization among western whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus tigris) in southwestern New Mexico : population genetics, morphology, and ecology in three contact zones. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 246: 1-148 - get paper here Dessauer,H.C. & Cole,C.J. 1991. Genetics of whiptail lizards (Reptiia: Teiidae: Cnemidophorus) in a hybrid zone in southwestern New Mexico. Copeia 1991 (2): 622-637 - get paper here Dickerson, M. C. 1919. Diagnoses of twenty-three new species and a new genus of lizards from Lower California. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 41 (10): 461-477 - get paper here Eaton, Theodore H., Jr 1935. Report on amphibians and reptiles of the Navajo country. Bulletin 3. 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Energetics and Lipid Cycle in the Lizard, Cnemidophorus tigris Copeia 1973 (3): 446-452. - get paper here García-De la Peña, Cristina; Héctor Gadsden, Rosalinda Palomo-Ramos, Ana B. Gatica-Colima, Pablo A. Lavín-Murcio, and Gamaliel Castañeda. 2012. Spatial Segregation of Microhabitats Within a Community of Lizards in Médanos de Samalayuca, Chihuahua, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 57 (4): 430-434 - get paper here García-Padilla, Elí, and Vicente Mata-Silva. 2016. Aspidoscelis tigris (Baird and Girard, 1852). Opportunistic water acquisition. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3 (3): 718–719 - get paper here Goldberg, S.R. 1976. Reproduction in a Mountain Population of the Coastal Whiptail Lizard, Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus Copeia 1976 (2): 260-266. - get paper here González-Bernal, Marco Antonio, Eric Mellink and Carlos Payán-Esquerra 2001. Geographic distribution. Cnemidophorus tigris. Herpetological Review 32 (3):192 - get paper here González-Romero, A., & Alvarez-Cárdenas, S. 1989. Herpetofauna de la Region del Pinacate, Sonora, Mexico: Un Inventario. The Southwestern Naturalist, 34(4), 519–526 - get paper here Goode, M.J. 1995. Microhabitat destruction caused by unethical collectors: effects on reptile abundance in Arizona. Sonoran Herpetologist 8 (4):32-36. - get paper here Gorman, George C.;Kim, Y. J.;Taylor, Ch. E. 1977. Genetic variation in irradiated and control populations of Cnemidophorus tigris (Sauria, Teiidae) from Mercury, Nevada with a discussion of genetic variability in lizards. Theor. Appl. Genet. 49: 9-14 - get paper here Grismer, L. Lee 1996. Cnemidophorus tigris does not occur on Isla San Benito, Baja California, México. Herpetological Review 27 (2): 69-70 - get paper here Grismer, L. Lee. 1999. An evolutionary classification of reptiles on islands in the Gulf of California, México. Herpetologica 55 (4): 446-469 - get paper here Hardy, L.M., & McDiarmid, R.W. 1969. The amphibians and reptiles of Sinaloa, Mexico. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 18 (3): 39-252. - get paper here Hardy, Laurence M. and Charles J. Cole 1998. Morphology of a Sterile, Tetraploid, Hybrid Whiptail Lizard (Squamata: Teiidae: Cnemidophorus). American Museum Novitates 3228: 16 pp. - get paper here Hendricks,F.S. & Dixon,J.R. 1986. Systematics and biogeography of Cnemidophorus marmoratus (Sauria: Teiidae). Texas Journal of Science 38: 327-402 - get paper here Heyborne, W H; Gardner, C E; Shipley, I W & St. Andre, N; 2019. Aspidoscelis tigris septentrionalis (Plateau Tiger Whiptail) Supernumerary caudal anomaly. Herpetological Review 50 (3): 569-570 - get paper here HEYBORNE, WILLIAM H. 2021. ASPIDOSCELIS TIGRIS SEPTENTRIONALIS (Plateau Tiger Whiptail). CAUDAL SCOLIOSIS. Herpetological Review 52 (2): 402–403. - get paper here Jackson, Lauren N. and Heather L. Bateman 2018. Differing Ectoparasite Loads, Sexual Modes, and Abundances of Whiptail Lizards from Native and Non- native Habitats. Herp. Cons. Biol. 13 (1): 294–301 - get paper here Johnson, J. D., L. D. Wilson, V. Mata-Silva, E. García-Padilla, and D. L. DeSantis. 2017. The endemic herpetofauna of Mexico: organisms of global significance in severe peril. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(3): 544–620 - get paper here Jones, L.L. & Lovich, R.E. 2009. Lizards of the American Southwest. A photographic field guide. Rio Nuevo Publishers, Tucson, AZ, 568 pp. [review in Reptilia 86: 84] - get paper here Kay, F.R., R. Anderson & C.O. McKinney 1973. Notes on Activity Patterns of Two Species of Cnemidophorus (Sauria: Teiidae) Herpetologica 29 (2): 105-107. - get paper here Keehn, J. E.; N. C. Nieto, C. R. Tracy, C. M. Gienger and C. R. Feldman 2013. Evolution on a desert island: body size divergence between the reptiles of Nevada's Anaho Island and the mainland around Pyramid Lake. Journal of Zoology, 291: 269–278. doi: 10.1111/jzo.12066 - get paper here KELLNER, JOEY & TIMOTHY WARFEL. 2022. Geographic distribution: ASPIDOSCELIS TIGRIS (Western Whiptail). USA: COLORADO: Dolores Co. Herpetological Review 53 (2): 262. Lazcano Villarreal, David & Dixon, J.R. 2002. Lista Preliminar de la Herpetofauna del Estado de Nuevo León. http://www.uanl.mx/facs/fcb/deptos/herpetologia/pdf/herpetofauna_nl.pdf - get paper here Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR 2020. A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Sinaloa, Mexico with a conservation status summary and comparisons with neighboring states. ZooKeys 931: 85-114 - get paper here Lemos-Espinal JA, Smith GR, Rorabaugh JC 2019. A conservation checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Sonora, Mexico, with updated species lists. ZooKeys 829: 131-160 - get paper here Lemos-Espinal, Julio A. (ed.) 2015. Amphibians and Reptiles of the US - Mexico Border States / Anfibios y Reptiles de los Estados de la Frontera México - Estados Unidos. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas. x + 614 pp.; ISBN 978-1-62349-306-6. - get paper here Leviton, Alan E.; Banta, Benjamin H. 1964. Midwinter reconnaissance of the herpetofauna of the Cape Region of Baja California, Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 30 (7): 127-156 - get paper here Liner, E.A. 1994. Scientific and common names for the Amphibians and Reptiles of Mexico in English and Spanish. Herpetological Circular 23: 1-113 Love, Bill 2017. Reptilien und Amphibien besser fotografieren. Terraria-Elaphe 2017 (3): 14-23 - get paper here Lowe, Charles H., Jr;Wright, John W. 1966. Evolution of parthenogenetic species of Cnemidophorus (Whiptail lizards) in western North America. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 4 (2): 81-87 - get paper here Lowe, Charles H., Jr;Wright, John W.;Cole, Charles J.;Bezy, Robert L. 1970. Chromosomes and evolution of the species groups of Cnemidophorus (Reptilia: Teiidae). Systematic Zoology 19: 128-141 - get paper here Lowe,C.H. and Norris,K.S. 1955. Analysis of the herpetofauna of Baja California, Mexico. III. New and revived reptilian subspecies of Isla San Esteban, Gulf of California, Sonora, Mexico, with notes on other islands in the Gulf of California. Herpetologica 11: 89-96 - get paper here Maslin, T. & Secoy, D.M. 1986. A checklist of the lizard genus Cnemidophorus (Teiidae). Contr. Zool. Univ. Colorado Mus. 1: 1-60 Maslin, T. Paul 1959. The nature of amphibian and reptilian species. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 1 (1): 8-17 - get paper here McCoy, Clarence J. 1966. Life history and ecology of Cnemidophorus tigris septentrionalis. Dissertation Abstracts International 26 (12): (2 p.) McLain, Robert Baird 1899. Critical notes on a collection of reptiles from the Western Coast of the United States. Privately published, Wheeling, WV: 1-13 (SSAR Misc. Publ. reprint) Mitchell, J. C. 1979. Ecology of southeastern Arizona whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus: Teiidae): population densities, resource partitioning, and niche overlap. Canadian Journal of Zoology 57 (7): 1487-1499 - get paper here Mosauer, Walter 1936. The reptilian fauna of sand dune areas of Vizcaino Desert and of northwestern Lower California. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (329): 1-21 - get paper here Neaves, William B. and Peter Baumann 2011. Unisexual reproduction among vertebrates. Trends in Genetics 27 (3): 81-88 - get paper here Nevárez-de los Reyes; Manuel, David Lazcano, Javier Banda-Leal and Ian Recchio 2014. Notes on Mexican Herpetofauna 22: Herpetofauna of the Continental Portion of the Municipality of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 49(8):105-115 - get paper here Parker, W. S. 1972. Ecological study of the western whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus tigris gracilis, in Arizona. Herpetologica 28 (4): 360-369 - get paper here Parker, W.S. 1973. Notes on reproduction of some lizards from Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah Herpetologica 29 (3): 258-264. - get paper here Peralta-García A, Valdez-Villavicencio JH, Fucsko LA, Hollingsworth BD, Johnson JD, Mata-Silva V, Rocha A, DeSantis DL, Porras LW, and Wilson LD. 2023. The herpetofauna of the Baja California Peninsula and its adjacent islands, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 17(1&2): 57–142 Pianka, E. R. 1966. Convexity, desert lizards, and spatial heterogeneity. Ecology 47 (6): 1055-1059 - get paper here Pianka, E. R. 1967. On lizard species diversity: North American flatland deserts. Ecology 48 (3): 333-351 - get paper here Pianka, Eric R. 1970. Comparative autoecology of the lizard Cnemidophorus tigris in different parts of its geographic range. Ecology 51 (4): 703-720 - get paper here Pianka, Eric R. 1973. The structure of lizard communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 53-74 - get paper here REEDER, T.W.; CHARLES J. COLE AND HERBERT C. DESSAUER 2002. Phylogenetic Relationships of Whiptail Lizards of the Genus Cnemidophorus (Squamata: Teiidae): A Test of Monophyly, Reevaluation of Karyotypic Evolution, and Review of Hybrid Origins. American Museum Novitates 3365: 1-64 - get paper here Rochester, Carlton J.; Cheryl S. Brehme, Denise R. Clark, Drew C. Stokes, Stacie A. Hathaway, and Robert N. Fisher 2010. Reptile and Amphibian Responses to Large-Scale Wildfires in Southern California. Journal of Herpetology 44 (3): 333–351 - get paper here Smith, G R; Lemos Espinal, J A; Dayer, C B; Winter, K E & Schulte, J J; 2019. Aspidoscelis tigris aethiops (Sonoran Tiger Whiptail) Clutch size. Herpetological Review 50 (2): 367 - get paper here Smith, Hobart M. 1946. Handbook of Lizards: Lizards of the United States and of Canada. Comstock, Ithaca, NY, xxii + 557 pp. Smith, Hobart M.;Langebartel, David A.;Williams, Kenneth L. 1964. Herpetological type-specimens in the University of Illinois Museum of Natural History. [type catalogue] Illinois Biological Monographs (32): 1-80 - get paper here Stebbins,R.C. 1985. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, Boston Stejneger, L.H. 1893. Annotated list of the reptiles and batrachians collected by the Death Valley Expedition in 1891, with descriptions of new species. North American Fauna, No. 7: 159-228 (+ 14 plates + 4 maps) - get paper here Stejneger, L.H., and T. Barbour 1917. A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. 4: i-iv, 1-125 - get paper here Sullivan, Brian K. and James M. Walker. 2014. Aspidoscelis tigris punctilinealis (Sonoran tiger whiptail) upland habitats. Herpetological Review 45 (2): 325-326 - get paper here Tanner, Vasco M. 1930. The amphibians and reptiles of Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah. Copeia 1930 (2): 41-43 - get paper here Tanner, Vasco M.;Hayward, C. Lynn 1934. A biological study of the La Sal Mountains, Utah report No. 1 (Ecology). Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 11: 209-235 Tanner, W.W. & J.E. Krogh 1974. Variations in Activity as Seen in Four Sympatric Lizard Species of Southern Nevada Herpetologica 30 (3): 303-308. - get paper here Taylor, Edward Harrison 1938. Notes on the herpetological fauna of the Mexican state of Sonora. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 24 (19): 475-503 [1936] - get paper here Taylor, H.L. 1988. A Morphological Analysis of Intergradation between the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tigris tigris and C. tigris septentrionalis Herpetologica 44 (2): 176-185. - get paper here Taylor, H.L. 1990. A Morphological Analysis of the Teiid Lizards Cnemidophorus tigris tigris and C. tigris gracilis from a Contact Zone in Northwestern Arizona Herpetologica 46 (4): 447-456. - get paper here Taylor, Harry L. Walker, James M. 1996. Application of the names Cnemidophorus tigris disparilis and C. t. punctilinealis to valid taxa (Sauria: Teiidae) and relegation of the names C. t. gracilis and C. t. dickersonae to appropriate synonymies. Copeia 1996 (1): 140-148 - get paper here Taylor,H.L. & Buschman,D. 1993. A multivariate analysis of geographic variation inthe teiid lizard Cnemidophorus tigris septentrionalis. Herpetologica 49 (1): 42-51 - get paper here Taylor,H.L., Beyer,C.; Harris, L. & Pham,H. 1994. Subspecific relationships in the teiid lizard Cnemidophorus tigris in Southwestern Arizona. Journal of Herpetology 28 (2): 247-253 - get paper here Thomson, Robert C.; Amber N. Wright & H. Bradley Shaffer 2016. California Amphibian and Reptile Species of Special Concern. University of California Press - get paper here Tinkle, D. W. 1959. Observations on the lizards Cnemidophorus tigris, Cnemidophorus tessellatus and Crotaphytus wislizeni. Southwestern Naturalist 4 (4): 195-200 - get paper here Turner, D. S., Van Devender, T. R., Hale, S. F., Zach, R., Martínez, R., Van Devender, R. W., ... & Paholski, C. 2022. Amphibians and reptiles of Rancho Las Playitas area, Sonora, Mexico. Sonoran Herpetologist, 35, 50-59 - get paper here Turner, F. B.; Medica, P. A.;Lannom, J. R.;Hoddenbach, G. A. 1969. A demographic analysis of fenced populations of the whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus tigris, in southern Nevada. Southwestern Naturalist 14 (2): 189-202 - get paper here Turner, Frederick B.; Joseph R. Lannom 1968. Radiation Doses Sustained by Lizards in a Continuously Irradiated Natural Enclosure. Ecology 49 (3): 548-551 - get paper here Turner, Frederick B.; Robert I. Jennrich, Joel D. Weintraub 1969. Home Ranges and Body Size of Lizards Ecology 50 (6): 1076-1081 Turner, Frederick B.;Wauer, Roland H. 1963. A survey of the herpetofauna of the Death Valley area. Great Basin Naturalist 23 (3-4): 119-128 - get paper here Van Denburgh, J.; Slevin, J. R. 1921. Preliminary diagnoses of more new species of reptiles from islands in the gulf of California, Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4) 11 (17): 395-398 - get paper here Van Denburgh, John 1912. Notes on some reptiles and amphibians from Oregon, Idaho and Utah. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 3: 155-160 - get paper here Van Denburgh, John 1922. The Reptiles of Western North America. Volume I. Lizards. Occ. Pap. Cal. Acad. Sci. (10): 1–612 - get paper here Van Denburgh, John and Joseph R. Slevin 1913. A list of the amphibians and reptiles of Arizona, with notes on the species in the collection of the Academy. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 3 (13): 391-454 - get paper here Van Denburgh,J. 1894. Descriptions of three new lizards from California and ower California, with a note on Phrynonsoma blainvillii. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 2), 4: 296-301 - get paper here Van Denburgh,J. 1895. A review of the herpetology of Lower California. Part I - Reptiles. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2) 5: 77-163 - get paper here Villegas-Patraca R, Aguilar-López JL, Hernández-Hernández JC, Muñoz-Jiménez O 2022. Diversity and conservation of terrestrial vertebrates (birds, mammals, and reptiles) of Sierra Cucapá, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. ZooKeys 1088: 17-39 - get paper here Vitt, L.J. & R.D. Ohmart 1977. Ecology and Reproduction of Lower Colorado River Lizards: II. Cnemidophorus tigris (Teiidae), with Comparisons Herpetologica 33 (2): 223-234. - get paper here Walker, J M; 2019. Aspidoscelis tigris punctilinealis (Sonoran Tiger Whiptail) Scavenging behavior. Herpetological Review 50 (2): 368-369 - get paper here Walker, J M; 2019. Aspidoscelis tigris punctilinealis (Sonoran Tiger Whiptail) Reproduction. Herpetological Review 50 (2): 367-368 - get paper here WALKER, J. M., J. E. CORDES, B. K. SULLIVAN, AND T. B. PERSONS 2020. Aspidoscelis tigris septentrionalis (Plateau Tiger Whiptail). Average Snout–Vent Length. Herpetological Review 51: 593-594. Walker, J. Martin;Maslin, T. Paul 1965. Cnemidophorus tigris punctatus: A new whiptail lizard from northwestern Sonora, Mexico. University of Colorado Studies. Series in Biology (20): 1-8 Walker, J. Martin;Maslin, T. Paul 1969. A review of the San Pedro Nolasco whiptail lizard (Cnemidophorus bacatus Van Denburgh and Slevin). American Midland Naturalist 82 (1): 127-139 - get paper here Walker, James M. 2014. Aspidoscelis tigris aethiops (Sonora-Sinaloa desert whiptail) size and reproduction. Herpetological Review 45 (2): 325 - get paper here WALKER, JAMES M. et al. 2020. Aspidoscelis tigris punctilineatus: A Misspelling of Aspidoscelis tigris punctilinealis for Sonoran Tiger Whiptail (Squamata: Teiidae) of the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico Herpetological Review 51: 751–752 Walker, James M., James E. Cordes and Harry L. Taylor. 1997. Parthenogenetic Cnemidophorus tesselatus complex (Sauria: Teiidae): A neotype for diploid C. tesselatus (Say, 1823), redescription of the taxon, and description of a new triploid species. Herpetologica 53 (2): 233-259 - get paper here WALKER, JAMES M.; GEOFFREY R. SMITH & JULIO A. LEMOS-ESPINAL. 2021. ASPIDOSCELIS TIGRIS AETHIOPS (Sonora-Sinaloa Desert Whiptail). REPRODUCTION. Herpetological Review 52 (3): 645–646. - get paper here Walker, James M.; James E. Cordes, Glenn J. Manning, and Brian K. Sullivan 2015. Aspidoscelis tigris septentrionalis (Burger, 1950), Plateau Tiger Whiptail, in the Western United States: <br>Individual, Ontogenetic, and Geographic Variation In Color Pattern. Herp. Cons. Biol. 10 (3) - get paper here Walker,J.M. 1981. On the status of the lizard, Cnemidophorus tigris dickersonae VAN DENBURGH and SLEVIN. Journal of Herpetology 15 (2): 199-206 - get paper here Walker,J.M. 1981. A new subspecies of Cnemidophorus tigris from South Coronado Island, Mexico. Journal of Herpetology 15 (2): 193-197 - get paper here Walker,J.M. 1988. The status of the Isla Pond Cnemidophorus (Sauria: Teiidae) in the Gulf of California. Journal of Herpetology 22 (3): 365-367 - get paper here Werning, Heiko 2012. Die Reptilien und Amphibien des Südwestens. Draco 13 (50): 18-60 - get paper here Williams, Kenneth L. 1960. Taxonomic notes on Arizona herpetozoa. Southwestern Naturalist 5 (1): 25-36 - get paper here Williams, Kenneth L.;Smith, Hobart M.;Chrapliwy, Pete S. 1960. Turtles and lizards from Northern Mexico. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 53 (1/2): 36-45 Woodbury, Angus Munn 1928. The reptiles of Zion National Park. Copeia 1928 (166): 14-21 - get paper here Wright, J.W. 1993. Evolution of the lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus. In: Wright,J.W. & Vitt,L.J. (eds.) Biology of Whiptail lizards (genus Cnemidophorus), pp. 27-81. Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist., Norman. Wright,J.W. 1994. The North American deserts and species diversity in the lizards of the genus Cnemidophorus. In: Brown,P.R. & Wrigth,J.W. (eds): Herpetology of the North American deserts. Proceedings of a symposium, Spec. Publ., Southwest. Herp. Soc., Lakeside, California, pp. 255-271 Zweifel, R.G. 1956. The Identity of the Mexican Lizard, Cnemidophorus gadovi. Copeia 1956 (4): 260 - get paper here Zweifel, Richard G. 1958. Cnemidophorus tigris variolosus, a revived subspecies of whiptail lizard from Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 9: 94-101 - get paper here Zweifel, Richard G. 1958. Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History Expedition to western Mexico 2. Notes on reptiles and amphibians from the Pacific Coastal Islands of Baja California. American Museum Novitates (1895): 1-17 - get paper here Zweifel, Richard G. 1962. Analysis of hybridization between two subspecies of the desert whiptail lizard, Cnemidophorus tigris. Copeia 1962 (4): 749-766 - get paper here
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