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Atractus snethlageae CUNHA & NASCIMENTO, 1983

IUCN Red List - Atractus snethlageae - Least Concern, LC

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesPortuguese: Cobra-Cega, Cobra-da-terra, Falsa-Coral-Manchada, Fura-Terra 
SynonymAtractus flammigerus snethlageae CUNHA & NASCIMENTO 1983
Atractus major — SAVAGE 1960: 47 (part.)
Atractus flammigerus — HOOGMOED 1980: 20 (part.)
Atractus snethlageae — VANZOLINI 1986: 25
Atractus snethlageae — MARTINS & OLIVEIRA 1993
Atractus snethlagae — SILVA-HAAD 2004
Atractus snethlageae — PASSOS et al. 2007
Atractus snethlageae — WALLACH et al. 2014: 81
Atractus snethlageae — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019
Atractus snethlageae – JORGE-DA-SILVA 1993
Atractus snethlageae – DOAN and ARIZABAL 2000
Atractus snethlageae – FROTA 2000
Atractus snethlageae – FROTA 2004
Atractus snethlageae – GIRAUDO & Scrocchi 2000
Atractus snethlageae – GIRAUDO 2004
Atractus snethlageae – BERNARDE & ABE 2006
Atractus snethlageae – GUTSCHE et al. 2007
Atractus snethlageae – GONZZLEZ & EMBERT 2008
Atractus snethlageae – PASSOS & FERNANDES 2008, (part.)
Atractus snethlageae – PRUDENTE & PASSOS 2008, (part.)
Atractus snethlageae – AVILA-PIRES et al. 2009
Atractus snethlageae – MARÇAL et al. 2011
Atractus snethlageae – BERNARDE et al. 2012
Atractus snethlageae – SCHARGEL et al. 2013, (part.)
Atractus snethlageae – VAZ-SILVA et al. 2015, (part.)
Atractus flammigerus – DIXON & Soini 1986
Atractus flammigerus – DUELLMAN & SALAS 1991
Atractus flammigerus – JORGE-DA-SILVA 1993
Atractus flammigerus – DUELLMAN 2005
Atractus flammigerus – DOAN & ARIZABAL 2002
Atractus flammigerus – CARILLO DE ESPINOZA & ICOCHEA 1995
Atractus schach – NASCIMENTO et al. 1988
Atractus schach – PASSOS & FERNANDES 2008 (partim
Atractus schach – PRUDENTE & SANTOS-COSTA 2005
Atractus schach – PRUDENTE & PASSOS 2008 (part.)
Atractus schach – BERNARDE et al. 2011
Atractus schach – BERNARDE et al. 2012
Atractus schach – WALDEZ et al. 2013
Atractus schach – VAZ-SILVA et al. 2015 (part.)
Atractus schach – RODRIGUES et al. 2016
Atractus schach – BERNARDE et al. 2017 
DistributionBrazil (Amapá, Amazonas, Rondonia, Pará: [HR 31: 254], Maranhão), Suriname, Colombia (Amazonas, Boyacá), Bolivia (Pando), Peru (Cajamarca, San Martín, Cuzco, Madre de Dios, Ucayali), Ecuador, N Argentina, elevation 0-1800 m.

Type locality: Colônia Nova, Rio Gurupi, Pará, Rodovia Br-316, 10 Km antes do Gurupi, 01°26’ S, 47°32’ W.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: MPEG 10.131, adult male 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: A species of Atractus with 17 dorsal scales rows, differing from all congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) large size, adults reaching about 700 mm in TL; (2) loreal long (about three times longer than high); (3) generally seven (rarely eight) supralabials with third and fourth (fourth and fifth whenever eight supralabials are present) in contact with eye; (4) generally eight (rarely seven) infralabials with first four in contact with chinshields; (5) six to seven maxillary teeth; (6) 151–180 ventral scales in females and 137–165 in males; (7) 19–28 subcaudal scales in females and 27–45 in females; (8) tail of moderate length: Tail/TL 6.9– 17.6%; (9) dorsal color pattern of dark gray/brown ground coloration with pale crossbands or blotches usually edged in black, or dorsal ground color pale brown with dark brown or black blotches [SCHARGEL et al. 2013]


Additional details (782 characters) are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSimilar species: A. major (in Ecuador); A. badius (in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador and Peru). Note that A. snethlageae is quite variable. A. schach (for examples of misidentifications see Passos et al. 2022).

Synonymy: after Melo-Sampaio et al. 2021 (see refs. there) 
EtymologyNamed after Dr. Maria Elizabeth Emilia Snethlage (1868-1929), a German ornithologist and former assistant in zoology at Museum für Naturkunde Berlin. 
References
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • BERNARDE, P.S., ALBUQUERQUE, S., BARROS, T.O. & TURCI, L.C.B. 2012. Serpentes do Estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 12 (3): 1-29 - get paper here
  • Cacciali, P.; Villalba, R. & Yanosky, A.A. 2007. A NEW SPECIES OF ATRACTUS (SERPENTES:COLUBRIDAE: DIPSADINAE) FROM THE ATLANTIC FOREST OF ALTO PARANÁ, PARAGUAY. South American J. Herp. 2 (2): 83-88 - get paper here
  • Camper, Jeffrey D. and David J. Zart. 2014. Atractus snethlageae (ground snake) diet. Herpetological Review 45 (4): 705 - get paper here
  • Cunha, O R da; do Nascimento F P 1983. Ofidios da Amazonia. 20 - As especies de Atractus Wagler, 1828, na Amazonia oriental & Maranhao (Ophidia, Colubridae). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi NOVA SERIE ZOOLOGIA (No. 123): 1-38 - get paper here
  • da Silva, Jr., N. J. and Sites, Jr., J. W. 1995. Patterns of diversity of neotropical squamate reptile species with emphasis on the Brazilian Amazon and the conservation potential of indigenous reserves. Conserv. Biol. 9 (4): 873-901 - get paper here
  • Fraga, R., Lima, A. P., Prudente, A. L. C., & Magnusson, W. E. 2013. Guia de cobras da região de Manaus – Amazônia Central. Manaus: INPA - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Martins M. & Oliveira M E. 1993. The snakes of the genus Atractus Wagler (Reptilia: Squamata: Colubridae) from the Manaus region, central Amazonia, Brazil. Zoologische Mededelingen 67 (1-26): 21-40. - get paper here
  • Melo‐Sampaio, PR, Passos, P, Prudente, ALC, Venegas, PJ, Torres‐Carvajal, O. 2021. Systematic review of the polychromatic ground snakes Atractus snethlageae complex reveals four new species from threatened environments. J Zool Syst Evol Res. 2021; 59: 718– 747 - get paper here
  • MENDES-PINTO, TELÊMACO JASON; Mestrando, BERNHARD, RAFAEL, VOGT, RICHARD; PEDRETT, RONNEZZA CÉLLIA LOBATO CAMPOS;GARCIA, RAUBER SANTOS 2011. A COLLECTION OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH OF THE AMAZON. Rev. Colombiana cienc. Anim. 3(2): 238 - get paper here
  • Metcalf, M. F., Guedouar, E., Davis, L., Rodriguez, A., Marsh, A., Pacaya, E. T., ... & Gunnels IV, C. W. 2023. Herpetofauna of Madre Selva Biological Station in Loreto, Peru. Herpetology Notes, 16, 727-740
  • Metcalf, Matthew; Alexander Marsh, Emerson Torres, Devon Graham, Charles Gunnels 2020. Herpetofauna of the Santa Cruz Forest Preserve in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Herpetology Notes 13: 753-767 - get paper here
  • Morato, S.A.A.; Calixto, P.O.; Mendes, L.R.; Gomes, R.; Galatti, U.; Trein, F.L.; Oliveira, F.S.; Ferreira, G.N. 2014. Guia fotográfico de identificação da herpetofauna da Floresta Nacional de Saracá-Taquera, Estado do Pará. Curitiba: STCP Engenharia de Projetos Ltda.; Porto Trombetas: MRN – Mineração Rio do Norte S.A.; 213 p. - get paper here
  • Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Antonio J.S. Argôlo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Josué A. Azevedo, Fausto E. Barbo, Renato S. Bérnils, Bruna E. Bolochio, Marcio Borges-Martins, Marcela Brasil-Godinho, Henrique Braz, Marcus A. Buononato, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American J. Herp. 14 (Special Issue 1):1-274 - get paper here
  • PASSOS P, MELO-SAMPAIO PR, RAMOS LO, GRAZZIOTIN FG, FOUQUET A & TORRES-CARVAJAL O. 2022. When the tail shakes the snake: phylogenetic affinities and morphology of Atractus badius (Serpentes: Dipsadidae), reveals some current pitfalls on the snake’s genomic age. An Acad Bras Cienc 94: e20191254 - get paper here
  • Passos, P. & Fernandes, R. 2008. A new species of the colubrid snake genus Atractus (Reptilia: Serpentes) from the central Amazon of Brazil. Zootaxa 1849: 59–66 - get paper here
  • Passos, P., R. Fernandes and Borges-Nojosa, D.M. 2007. A New Species of Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadinae) from a Relictual Forest in Northeastern Brazil. Copeia 2007 (4): 788–797 - get paper here
  • Passos, Paulo; Philippe J. R. Kok, Nelson R. de Albuquerque, and Gilson A. Rivas 2013. Groundsnakes of the Lost World: A Review of Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from the Pantepui Region, Northern South America. Herpetological Monographs 27 (1): 52-86 - get paper here
  • Pérez-Santos,C. & Moreno, A.G. 1988. Ofidios de Colombia. Museo reegionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Monographie VI, 517 pp.
  • Rabosky, Daniel L.; Rudolf von May, Michael C. Grundler and Alison R. Davis Rabosky 2019. The Western Amazonian Richness Gradient for Squamate Reptiles: Are There Really Fewer Snakes and Lizards in Southwestern Amazonian Lowlands? Diversity 11: 199; doi:10.3390/d11100199 - get paper here
  • Santos-Costa, Maria Cristina dos; Gleomar Fabiano Maschio, Ana Lúcia da Costa Prudente 2015. Natural history of snakes from Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, eastern Amazonia, Brazil. Herpetology Notes 8: 69-98 - get paper here
  • SCHARGEL, WALTER E.; WILLIAM W. LAMAR, PAULO PASSOS, JORGE H. VALENCIA, DIEGO F. CISNEROS-HEREDIA, JONATHAN A. CAMPBELL 2013. A new giant Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from Ecuador, with notes on some other large Amazonian congeners. Zootaxa 3721 (5): 455–474 - get paper here
  • Silva Haad, J.J. 2004. Las serpientes del género Atractus Wagler, 1828 (Colubridae; Xenodontinae) en la Amazonia colombiana. [The snakes of the genus Atractus Wagler, 1828 (Colubridae; Xenodontinae) in the colombian Amazonia.]. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (108): 409-446
  • Torres-Carvajal O, Pazmiño-Otamendi G, Salazar-Valenzuela D. 2019. Reptiles of Ecuador: a resource-rich portal, with a dynamic checklist and photographic guides. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13 (1): [General Section]: 209–229 (e178) - get paper here
  • Vaz-Silva, W.; RM Oliveira, AFN Gonzaga, KC Pinto, FC Poli, TM Bilce, M Penhacek, L Wronski, JX Martins, TG Junqueira, LCC, Cesca VY, Guimarães RD. Pinheiro 2015. Contributions to the knowledge of amphibians and reptiles from Volta Grande do Xingu, northern Brazil Braz. J. Biol., 75 (3) (suppl.): S205-S218 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
 
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