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Atractus spinalis PASSOS, TEIXEIRA Jr, RECODER, DE SENA, DAL VECHIO, ARRUDA-PINTO, MENDONÇA, CASSIMIRO & RODRIGUES, 2013

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common Names 
SynonymAtractus spinalis PASSOS, TEIXEIRA Jr, RECODER, DE SENA, DAL VECHIO, ARRUDA-PINTO, MENDONÇA, CASSIMIRO & RODRIGUES 2013
Atractus spinalis — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionSE Brazil (Minas Gerais)

Type locality: Alto do Palácio (19°15’35.5”S, 43°31’55.2”W; 1357 m elevation), Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó, municipality of Morro do Pilar, state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil.  
Reproductionoviparous (not imputed, fide Zimin et al. 2022) 
TypesHolotype: MZUSP 20760, adult male, collected by M.T. Rodrigues and collaborators (all authors except the senior one) on March 26, 2011 (field number MTR 20280). 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Atractus spinalis is distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) 15-15-15 smooth dorsal scale rows; (2) two postoculars; (3) moderate loreal; (4) temporals 1+2; (5) seven supralabials, third and fourth contacting orbit; (6) seven infralabials, first four contacting chin shields; (7) usually nine maxillary teeth; (8) usually three gular scale rows; (9) three or four preventrals; (10) 149 ventrals in the single female, 136-142 in males; (11) 24 subcaudals in the female, 27-33 in males; (12) dorsum red, except for first dorsal scale rows that is red on its upper area, becoming lighter towards venter, occasionally forming conspicuous dorsolateral lines along body; (13) ventral ground color creamish white; (14) small body size, females (199 mm SVL) and males (268 mm maximum SVL); (15) moderate tail in the female (11.6%) and moderate to long in males (13.6-16.6% SVL); (16) hemipenis slightly bilobed, semicapitate, and semicalyculate. 
Comment 
EtymologyThe specific epithet “spinalis” is a Latin adjective derived from Spina, meaning the vertebrate backbone. The use of spina referring to backbone dates back to the Roman poet Virgil (70-19 before Christ). This name is herein used in reference to the Espinhaço Mountains Range (= Cadeia do Espinhaço), where the type series of Atractus spinalis was collected and the species appears to be endemic. 
References
  • Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Antonio J.S. Argôlo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Josué A. Azevedo, Fausto E. Barbo, Renato S. Bérnils, Bruna E. Bolochio, Marcio Borges-Martins, Marcela Brasil-Godinho, Henrique Braz, Marcus A. Buononato, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American J. Herp. 14 (Special Issue 1):1-274 - get paper here
  • Passos, Paulo; TeixeirA Junior, Mauro; Recoder, Renato S.; Sena, Marco Aurélio de; Vechio, Francisco Dal; Pinto, Hugo Bonfim de A.; Mendonça, Sônia H.S.T.; Cassimiro, José; Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut 2013. A new species of Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from Serra do Cipó, Espinhaço Range, Southeastern Brazil, with proposition of a new species group to the genus. Pap. Avulsos Zool. (São Paulo) 53 (6):75‐85 - get paper here
  • Rabosky, Daniel L.; Rudolf von May, Michael C. Grundler and Alison R. Davis Rabosky 2019. The Western Amazonian Richness Gradient for Squamate Reptiles: Are There Really Fewer Snakes and Lizards in Southwestern Amazonian Lowlands? Diversity 11: 199; doi:10.3390/d11100199 - get paper here
  • Rincón-Aranguri, M., Toro-Cardona, F. A., Galeano, S. P., Roa-Fuentes, L.. & Urbina-Cardona, N. 2023. Functional diversity of snakes is explained by the landscape composition at multiple areas of influence. Ecology and Evolution, 13, e10352 - get paper here
  • Zimin, A., Zimin, S. V., Shine, R., Avila, L., Bauer, A., Böhm, M., Brown, R., Barki, G., de Oliveira Caetano, G. H., Castro Herrera, F., Chapple, D. G., Chirio, L., Colli, G. R., Doan, T. M., Glaw, F., Grismer, L. L., Itescu, Y., Kraus, F., LeBreton 2022. A global analysis of viviparity in squamates highlights its prevalence in cold climates. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 00, 1–16 - get paper here
 
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