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Atractus trihedrurus AMARAL, 1926

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Southern Ground Snake
Portuguese: Cobra-da-Terra, Coral, Coral-Falsa 
SynonymAtractus trihedrurus AMARAL 1926: 105
Atractus trihedrurus — AMARAL 1978: 117
Atractus trihedrurus — PASSOS et al. 2005
Atractus trihedrurus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 82
Atractus trihedrurus — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionS Brazil (São Paulo south to Santa Catarina), elevation between 500–1400 m.

Type locality: Southern Brazil  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: IBSP (= IB) 3098, adult male 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Atractus trihedrurus is distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) 17/17/17 smooth dorsal scale rows; (2) generally two postoculars; (3) loreal moderate to long; (4) temporals 1+2; (5) generally seven supralabials, third and fourth contacting chinshields; (6) seven infralabials, first four contacting chinshields; (7) eight to ten maxillary teeth; (8) generally three gular scale rows; (9) generally three preventrals; (10) 146–159 ventrals in females, 136–150 in males; (11) 16–23 subcaudals in females, 23–29 in males; (12) dorsum uniformly beige, grayish brown, or black in adults and beige or creamish red with black bands in juveniles and sub-adults; (13) venter creamish brown to uniformly black; (14) large body size, with females reaching 1010 mm SVL and males 735 mm SVL; (15) tail short in females (7.3–10.7% SVL), moderate in males (9.6–15.5% SVL); (16) hemipenis moderately bilobed, semicapitate, and semicalyculate [from Passos et al. 2010].


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CommentAccording to SAVAGE (1960: 31) probably not an Atractus. Status unclear until holotype will be re-examined.

Habitat: Upper Montane Rainforest.

Similar species: A. zebrinus (for examples of misidentifications see Passos et al. 2022). 
EtymologyNamed after Greek triedro (τρίεδρο), geometric figure composed of three planes meeting at a single point + + Greek oura (ουρα), tail. ["...Cauda curta, em forma de pyramide triangular…"]. 
References
  • Amaral, A. 1978. Serpentes do Brasil, 2nd ed. Melhoramentos/Universidaede de Sao Paulo, 246 pp.
  • Amaral, A. do 1926. Novos gêneros e expécies de ophidios brasileiros. Arch. Mus. Nac. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro 26: 1-27
  • Cacciali, P.; Villalba, R. & Yanosky, A.A. 2007. A NEW SPECIES OF ATRACTUS (SERPENTES:COLUBRIDAE: DIPSADINAE) FROM THE ATLANTIC FOREST OF ALTO PARANÁ, PARAGUAY. South American J. Herp. 2 (2): 83-88 - get paper here
  • CONDEZ, T. H; SAWAYA, R. J. & DIXO, M. 2009. Herpetofauna dos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica da região de Tapiraí e Piedade, SP, sudeste do Brasil. Biota Neotropica 9: 1-29
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Antonio J.S. Argôlo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Josué A. Azevedo, Fausto E. Barbo, Renato S. Bérnils, Bruna E. Bolochio, Marcio Borges-Martins, Marcela Brasil-Godinho, Henrique Braz, Marcus A. Buononato, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American J. Herp. 14 (Special Issue 1):1-274 - get paper here
  • PASSOS P, MELO-SAMPAIO PR, RAMOS LO, GRAZZIOTIN FG, FOUQUET A & TORRES-CARVAJAL O. 2022. When the tail shakes the snake: phylogenetic affinities and morphology of Atractus badius (Serpentes: Dipsadidae), reveals some current pitfalls on the snake’s genomic age. An Acad Bras Cienc 94: e20191254 - get paper here
  • Passos, P., Dobiey, M., & Venegas, P. J. 2010. Variation and natural history notes on giant groundsnake, Atractus gigas (Serpentes: Dipsadidae). South American J. Herp. 5 (2): 73-82 - get paper here
  • Passos, P., R. Fernandes and Borges-Nojosa, D.M. 2007. A New Species of Atractus (Serpentes: Dipsadinae) from a Relictual Forest in Northeastern Brazil. Copeia 2007 (4): 788–797 - get paper here
  • Passos, P., R. Fernandes and N. Zanella 2005. A new species of Atractus (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Southern Brazil. Herpetologica 61 (2): 209-218 - get paper here
  • Passos, P.; Fernandes, R.; Bernils, R.S. & Moura-Leite, J.C. de 2010. Taxonomic revision of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Atractus (Reptilia: Serpentes: Dipsadidae). Zootaxa 2364: 1–63 - get paper here
  • Perrella, Daniel F. and Francisco, Mercival R. 2016. Atractus trihedrurus (South Brazilian Spindle Snake) Diet. Herpetological Review 47 (4): 676 - get paper here
  • Savage,J.M. 1960. A revision of the Ecuadorian snakes of the colubrid genus Atractus. Misc. Publ. Zool. Univ. Michigan 112: 1-86 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Zaher, Hussam; Fausto Erritto BarboI; Paola Sanchez Martínez; Cristiano Nogueira; Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues; Ricardo Jannini Sawaya 2011. Répteis do Estado de São Paulo: conhecimento atual e perspectivas. Biota Neotropica, 11 (1): 1–15. - get paper here
 
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