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Bitis schneideri (BOETTGER, 1886)

IUCN Red List - Bitis schneideri - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaViperidae, Viperinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Namaqua Dwarf Adder, Namaqua Puff Adder 
SynonymVipera schneideri BOETTGER 1886: 8
Bitis caudalis paucisquamatus MERTENS 1954: 218
Bitis paucisquamata MERTENS 1954: 218
Bitis schneideri — HAACKE 1975: 119
Bitis schneideri — WELCH 1994: 29
Bitis schneideri — MATTISON 1995: 83
Bitis (Calechidna) schneideri — LENK et al. 1999
Bitis schneideri — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 366
Bitis schneideri — MATTISON 2007: 85
Bitis (Calechidna) schneideri — WITTENBERG et al. 2014
Bitis schneideri — WALLACH et al. 2014: 94
Bitis (Calechidna) schneideri — BARLOW et al. 2019 
DistributionSW Namibia (southern regions of Namib desert, from Lüderitz Bay to Little Namaqualand),
Republic of South Africa

Type locality: "Angra Pequenia"[Lüderitz Bay, Namibia].  
Reproductionovoviviparous 
TypesHolotype: SMF 21019 
DiagnosisUnfortunately we had to temporarily remove additional information as this was scraped by multiple AI companies who sell that data to their customers. These details, e.g. detailed descriptions or comparisons (about 5376 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous! 
EtymologyNamed after Dr. Oskar Schneider (1841-1903) of Dresden, who was a Professor, a conchologist and one of Boettger's friends. 
References
  • Alexander, G. J. and Maritz, B. 2015. Sampling interval affects the estimation of movement parameters in four species of African snakes. Journal of Zoology 297: 309–318, doi:10.1111/jzo.12280 - get paper here
  • Barlow A, Wüster W, Kelly CMR, Branch WR, Phelps T, Tolley KA. 2019. Ancient habitat shifts and organismal diversification are decoupled in the African viper genus Bitis (Serpentes: Viperidae). J Biogeogr. 46: 1234– 1248 - get paper here
  • Bates, M.F.; Branch, W.R., Bauer, A.M.; Burger, M., Marais, J.; Alexander, G.J. & de Villliers, M.S. (eds.) 2014. Atlas and Red List of the Reptiles of South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. Suricata 1. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, 512 pp.
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • Boettger, O. 1886. Beitrag zur Herpetologie und Malakozoologie Südwest-Afrikas. 1. Zur Kenntniss der Fauna von Angra Pequenia. Abh. senckenb. naturf. Ges. (Frankfurt) 1886: 3-29 - get paper here
  • Boycott, R.C. 1987. Geographical Distribution - Bitis schneideri. J. Herp. Assoc. Africa (33): 29-29 - get paper here
  • Branch, William R. 1993. A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers, 144 S.
  • Branch, William R. 1994. Herpetofauna of the Sperrgebeit [sic] Region of Southern Namibia. Herpetological Natural History 2 (1): 1-11.
  • Dobiey, M. & Vogel, G. 2007. Venomous Snakes of Africa - Giftschlangen Afrikas. Edition Chimaira, Terralog 15, 150 pp. - get paper here
  • Haacke, W.D. 1975. Description of a new adder (Viperidae, Reptilia) from Southern Africa, with a discussion of related forms. Cimbebasia (A) 4: 115-128
  • Herrmann, H.-W.; W.R. Branch 2013. Fifty years of herpetological research in the Namib Desert and Namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist. Journal of Arid Environments 93: 94–115 - get paper here
  • Lenk,P.; Herrmann,H. W.; Joger,U. & Wink,M. 1999. Phylogeny and taxonomic subdivision of Bitis (Reptilia: Viperidae) based on molecular evidence. Kaupia (Darmstadt) (8): 31-38 - get paper here
  • Mallow, D. Ludwig, D. & Nilson, G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger, Malabar, Florida, 410 pp. [review in HR 35: 200, Reptilia 35: 74]
  • MARITZ, B. 2012. Bitis schneideri Boetger 1886 Relative Prey Size. African Herp News (57): 16 - get paper here
  • Maritz, Bryan 2013. To Run or Hide?: Escape Behaviour in a Cryptic African snake. African Zoology Oct 2012, Vol. 47, No. 2: 270-274 - get paper here
  • Maritz, Bryan & Graham J. Alexander 2013. Namaqua Dwarf Adders are generalist predators. African Journal of Herpetology - get paper here
  • Maritz, Bryan & Graham J. Alexander 2014. Namaqua Dwarf Adders are generalist predators. African Journal of Herpetology 63: 79-86 - get paper here
  • Maritz, Bryan and Graham J. Alexander 2011. Morphology, Sexual Dimorphism, and Growth in the Smallest Viperid, Bitis schneideri (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae). Journal of Herpetology 45 (4): 457-462. - get paper here
  • Maritz, Bryan and Graham J. Alexander 2012. Population Density and Survival Estimates of the African Viperid, Bitis schneideri. Herpetologica 68 (2): 195-202. - get paper here
  • Maritz, Bryan and Graham J. Alexander 2012. Movement Patterns in the Smallest Viper, Bitis schneideri. Copeia Dec 2012, Vol. 2012, No. 4: 732-737. - get paper here
  • Martínez del Mármol, G. 2020. The phenotypic variability of the Genus Bitis Gray 1842, with remarks in its resemblance to other vipers. In: Martínez, G., León, R., Jiménez-Robles, O., González De la Vega, J. P., Gabari, V., Rebollo, B., Sánchez-Tójar, A., Fernández-Cardenete, J. R., Gállego, J. (Eds.). Amphibians and Reptiles of Morocco and Western Sahara - get paper here
  • Mattison, Chris 1995. The Encyclopedia of Snakes. New York: Facts on File, 256 pp.
  • Mattison, Chris 2007. The New Encyclopedia of Snakes. Princeton University Press
  • McDiarmid, R.W.; Campbell, J.A. & Touré,T.A. 1999. Snake species of the world. Vol. 1. [type catalogue] Herpetologists’ League, 511 pp.
  • Mertens, R. 1954. Neue Schlangenrassen aus Südwest- und Südafrika. Zool. Anz. 152: 213-219
  • Phelps, T. 2010. Old World Vipers. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 558 pp. [critical review in Sauria 33 (3): 19 and HR 43: 503]
  • Schleicher, Alfred 2015. Reptilien Namibias. Namibia Scientific  Society, 276 pp.
  • Schleicher, Alfred 2020. Reptiles of Namibia. Kuiseb Publishers, Windhoek, Namibia, 271 pp.
  • Spawls, S., Branch, B. 2020. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Bloomsbury, London, 336 pp. - get paper here
  • Tolley, K.A., Conradie, W., Pietersen, D.W., Weeber, J., Burger, M. & Alexander, G.J. (eds) 2023. Conservation status of the reptiles of South Africa, Eswatini and Lesotho. Suricata 10. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Wittenberg, Rod D. & Robert C. Jadin & Allyson M. Fenwick & Ronald L. Gutberlet Jr. 2014. Recovering the evolutionary history of Africa’s most diverse viper genus: morphological and molecular phylogeny of Bitis (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae). Org Divers Evol, DOI 10.1007/s13127-014-0185-3
 
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