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Bothrops alternatus DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL, 1854

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Higher TaxaViperidae, Crotalinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Urutu
G: Urutu, Halbmondlanzenotter
Portuguese: Boicoatiara, Boicotiara, Coatiara, Cotiara, Cruzeira, Cruzeiro, Jararaca-de-Agosto, Jararaca-do-Rabo-de-Porco, Jararaca-Rabo-de-Porco, Rabo-de-Mulita, Urutu, Urutu-Cruzeira, Urutu-Cruzeiro 
SynonymBothrops alternatus DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 1512
Bothrops alternatus — BOULENGER 1886: 438
Lachesis alternatus BOULENGER 1896
Lachesis inaequalis MAGALHAES 1925: 153
Bothrops alternata — HOGE 1952: 237
Bothrops alternatus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 43
Bothrops alternatus — CEI 1993
Bothrops alternatus — WELCH 1994: 31
Bothrops alternatus — LEYNAUD & BUCHER 1999: 37
Bothrops alternatus — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 253
Rhinocerophis alternatus — FENWICK et al. 2009
Bothrops alternatus — WINCHELL 2010
Bothrops alternatus — CARRASCO et al. 2012
Rhinocerophis alternatus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 648
Bothrops alternatus — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionNE/C Argentina (Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Santa Fe, Entre Rios, Corrientes, Misiones, Chaco, Formosa, Córdoba, Santiago del Estero, Catamarca, Tucumán, San Luis),
Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Goiás [HR 32: 58], Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro)

Type locality: Paraguay and South America.  
Reproductionovovivparous 
TypesSyntypes: MNHN-RA 7744 and MNHN-RA 7765. (not unlocated as reported by MCDIARMID et al. 1999) 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (313 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous! 
EtymologyNamed from Latin “alternatus”, meaning alternating, probably in reference to the staggered blotches on the side of the body. 
References
  • Abalos, J.W., Baez, E.C., & Nader, R. 1964. Serpientes de Santiago del Estero. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 20: 211-283
  • Amaral, A. 1935. Notas sobre chromatismo de ophidios III. Um caso de xanthismo e um novo de albinismo, observados no Brasil Estudos sobre ophidios neotropicos. Mem. Inst. Butantan 8 [1934]: 151-194 - get paper here
  • Bellini, Gisela Paola; Arzamendia, Vanesa; Alberto, Diana; Giraudo, Alejandro Raúl 2020. Biología reproductiva de Bothrops alternatus en un área templada de América del Sur: ciclo reproductivo masculino. Cuad. herp. 34 (1): - get paper here
  • Bellini, Gisela Paola; Vanesa Arzamendia and Alejandro Raúl Giraudo 2019. Reproductive life history of snakes in temperate regions: what are the differences between oviparous and viviparous species? Amphibia-Reptilia 40 (3): 291–303 - get paper here
  • Borteiro, C., Abegg, A. D., Oda, F. H., Cardozo, D., Kolenc, F., Etchandy, I., ... & Baldo, D. 2021. Aberrant colouration in wild snakes: case study in Neotropical taxa and a review of terminology. Salamandra 57 (1): 124-138 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1886. A synopsis of the reptiles and batrachians of the province Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 18: 423-445 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1896. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum, Vol. 3. London (Taylor & Francis), xiv + 727 pp. - get paper here
  • Bucher E.H. 2019. Amphibians and Reptiles. In: The Mar Chiquita Salt Lake (Córdoba, Argentina). Springer, Cham - get paper here
  • Cacciali, Pier; Norman J. Scott, Aida Luz Aquino Ortíz, Lee A. Fitzgerald, and Paul Smith 2016. The Reptiles of Paraguay: Literature, Distribution, and an Annotated Taxonomic Checklist. SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF THE MUSEUM OF SOUTHWESTERN BIOLOGY, NUMBER 11: 1–373 - get paper here
  • Campbell, J.A. & Lamar, W.W. 1989. The Venomous Reptiles of Latin America. Comstock Publishing/Cornell University Press, Ithaca
  • Cano, Paula Daniela; Héctor Alejandro Ball, Matías Federico Carpinetto, Germán Darío Peña 2015. Reptile checklist of Río Pilcomayo National Park, Formosa, Argentina. Check List 11 (3): 1658 - get paper here
  • Carrasco, P.A., C.I. Mattoni, G.C. Leynaud, and G.J. Scrocchi. 2012. Morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy of South American bothropoid pitvipers (Serpentes, Viperidae). Zoologica Scripta 41: 109-124 - get paper here
  • Carrasco, P.A.; Harvey, M.B. & Muñoz Saravia, A. 2009. The rare Andean pitviper Rhinocerophis jonathani (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae): redescription with comments on its systematics and biogeography. Zootaxa 2283: 1–15 - get paper here
  • Carreira Vidal, Santiago 2002. Alimentación de los ofidios de Uruguay. Asoc. Herp. Esp., Monograf. Herp. 6, 127 pp. - get paper here
  • Carreira, S.; Brazeiro, A.; Camargo, A.; da Rosa, I.; Canavero, A. & Maneyro, M. 2012. DIVERSITY OF REPTILES OF URUGUAY: KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION GAPS. Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2a época) 21 (1-2): 9-29 - get paper here
  • Cei, J. M. 1993. Reptiles del noroeste, nordeste y este de la Argentina. Museo Regionale Sci. Naturale Torino, Monografie 14: 1-949
  • Dainesi, Raiane Lesley Santos; Arthur Diesel Abegg, Paulo Sérgio Bernarde, Bruno Peña Correa, Laís Pio Caetano Machado, Afonso Santiago de Oliveira Meneses, Arthur de Sena Santos 2019. Integrative overview of snake species from Londrina, State of Paraná, Brazil. Herpetology Notes 12: 419-430 - get paper here
  • Dempfle, Carl-Erik 2012. Defibrinogenierungs-Syndrom nach Schlangenbiss von Grubenottern – Diskussion der Effekte anhand eines Fallberichtes. Draco 13 (51): 67-71 - get paper here
  • Duméril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. & DUMÉRIL, A. H. A., 1854. Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. Deuxième partie, comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux. Paris, Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret: i-xii + 781-1536 - get paper here
  • Entiauspe-Neto, O M; Pino, S R & Loebmann, D; 2019. Bothrops alternatus (Urutu) Arboreal habitat use. Herpetological Review 50 (1): 149-150 - get paper here
  • Entiauspe-Neto, Omar Machado; Tângela Denise Perleberg and Marco Antonio de Freitas 2016. Herpetofauna from an urban Pampa fragment in southern Brazil: composition, structure and conservation. Check List 12(5): 1964 - get paper here
  • FENWICK, ALLYSON M.; RONALD L. GUTBERLET JR, JENNAFER A. EVANS, CHRISTOPHER L. PARKINSON 2009. Morphological and molecular evidence for phylogeny and classification of South American pitvipers, genera Bothrops, Bothriopsis, and Bothrocophias (Serpentes: Viperidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156 (3): 617-640 - get paper here
  • Ferreto Fiorillo, Bruno; Alexandro Marques Tozetti, Marcio Martins 2020. Habitat use by five species of sympatric pitvipers (Bothrops, Crotalus) in a Brazilian savannah. Herpetology Notes 13: 951-960 - get paper here
  • Fiorillo, B. F., Maciel, J. H., & Martins, M. 2021. Composition and natural history of a snake community from the southern Cerrado, southeastern Brazil. ZooKeys 1056: 95-147 - get paper here
  • França, R. C., França, F. G., Rödder, D., & Solé, M. 2022. Historical collection of snakes from Brazil by herpetologist and biogeographer Paul Müller (1940–2010), deposited at the Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Germany. Bonn zoological Bulletin 71 (1): 41–49 - get paper here
  • Gavira, Rodrigo Samuel Bueno and Denis Vieira Andrade. 2013. Temperature and thermal regime effects on the specific dynamic action of Bothrops alternatus (Serpentes, Viperidae). Amphibia-Reptilia 34 (4): 483-491 - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Hanscom, R. J., Higham, T. E., Ryan, D., & Clark, R. W. 2023. Ambush hunting in snakes: behaviour, function, and diversity. In: D. Penning (ed.), Snakes: morphology, function, and ecology. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers - get paper here
  • Hoge, A. R. 1952. Notas erpetólogicas - Anomalia na lepidose e pigmentacão das escamas dorsais em B. jararaca e C. alternata. Memórias do Instito Butantan 24 (2): 237-239 - get paper here
  • Laita, Mark 2013. Serpentine. Abrams and PQ Blackwell, Auckland, New Zealand, 200 unnumbered pages
  • Machín, Victoria; Emilia Rossini, Carlos Prigioni, Francisco Kolenc, Alejandro Crampet, Claudio Borteiro, José Manuel Verdes 2018. Hypopigmentation in wild snakes from Uruguay. Herpetology Notes 11: 1051-1053 - get paper here
  • Magalhaes, O. 1925. Contribuição para o estudo dos ophidios brasileiros (1). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Crz, Rio de Janeiro 18: 151-155 - get paper here
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  • Monzel, Markus 2008. Bissunfälle durch Lanzenottern – Gifte, Epidemiologie und Schlangenbiss-Management. Draco 8 (33): 57-65 - get paper here
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  • Nunes, Simone de Fátima; Kaefer, Igor Luis; Leite, Pedro Terra; Cechin, Sonia Zanini 2010. Reproductive and feeding biology of the pitviper Rhinocerophis alternatus from subtropical Brazil. The Herpetological Journal 20: 31-39 - get paper here
  • Oliveira, Jane C.F.; Rodrigo Castellari Gonzalez; Paulo Passos; Davor Vrcibradic & Carlos Frederico Duarte Rocha 2020. Non-Avian Reptiles of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: status of knowledge and commented list. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 60: e20206024 - get paper here
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  • Pezzano, V. 1986. Reproduction of Bothrops alternatus (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854) in captivity. Litteratura Serpentium 6 (1): 13-18 - get paper here
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  • Scrocchi, G.J.; Moreta, J.C. & Kretzschmar, S. 2006. Serpientes del Noroeste Argento [Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Catamarca, La Rioja, Santiago del Estero]. Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, 178 pp.
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