You are here » home › search results › Caiman crocodilus

Caiman crocodilus (LINNAEUS, 1758)

IUCN Red List - Caiman crocodilus - Least Concern, LR
iNaturalist logo

Can you confirm these amateur observations of Caiman crocodilus?

Add your own observation of
Caiman crocodilus »

Find more photos by Google images search: Google images

Higher TaxaAlligatoridae, Crocodylia, crocodiles (alligators)
SubspeciesCaiman crocodilus apaporiensis MEDEM 1955
Caiman crocodilus chiapasius (BOCOURT 1876)
Caiman crocodilus crocodilus (LINNAEUS 1758)
Caiman crocodilus fuscus (COPE 1868) 
Common NamesE: Common caiman, Spectacled caiman
G: Brillenkaiman
E: Rio Apaporis Caiman (C. c. apaporiensis)
S: baba (Venezuela)
S: babilla (Colombia)
S: guajipal (Nicaragua)
S: jacare, lagarto blanco (Peru)
S: cocodrilo, ocoroche, cascarudo, cachirre, tulisio, polulo (Mexico)
S: Caimán
Portuguese: Jacaré-do-Pantanal, Jacaretinga, Jacaré Tinga, Tinga 
SynonymLacerta crocodilus LINNAEUS 1758: 200
Caiman sclerops SCHNEIDER 1801 (fide MEDEM 1981)
Crocodilus sclerops SCHNEIDER 1801 (fide WERMUTH & MERTENS 1977)
Crocodilus sclerops — WIED 1824
Alligator sclerops — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1836: 79
Alligator sclerops — BRÜHL 1874
Alligator sclerops — BRÜHL 1881
Lacerta crocodilus — ANDERSSON 1900: 5
Crocodilus americanus — ANDERSSON 1900: 5
Caiman sclerops — DITMARS 1927: 80
Caiman crocodilus — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 40
Caiman crocodilus — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 666
Caiman crocodilus — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999
Caiman crocodylus — LEHR 2002: 69
Caiman crocodilus — SUNYER & MARTÍNEZ-FONSECA 2023

Caiman crocodilus apaporiensis MEDEM 1955
Caiman sclerops apaporiensis MEDEM 1955
Caiman crocodilus apaporiensis — NICKEL & AULIYA 2004
Caiman crocodilus apaporiensis — ESCOBEDO-GALVÁN et al. 2015
Caiman crocodilus apaporiensis — BALAGUERA-REINA 2019

Caiman crocodilus chiapasius (BOCOURT 1876)
Alligator (Jacare) chiapasius BOCOURT 1876
Caiman crocodilus chiapasius — ESCOBEDO-GALVÁN et al. 2011

Caiman crocodilus fuscus (COPE 1868)
Perosuchus fuscus COPE 1868
Perosuchus fuscus — GRAY 1869: 171
Caiman crocodilus fuscus — MERTENS 1952: 37
Caiman crocodilus fuscus — NICKEL & AULIYA 2004
Caiman crocodilus fuscus — GRANT & LEWiS 2010 
DistributionBrazil (incl. Mato Grosso, Acre, Pará, Piauí), Colombia (incl. Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica,
Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras,
Mexico (Chiapas), Nicaragua, Panama, Peru (Pasco etc.),
Suriname, French Guiana, Guyana,
Tobago, Trinidad,
Venezuela, Bolivia (Pando, Beni etc.)

Cuba (introduced), Isla de Juventud (=Isla dePinos; introduced),
Puerto Rico (introduced), Lesser Antilles (introduced ?),
USA (introduced to Florida, Texas) (Krysko et al. 2011)

Type locality: restricted to Guyana by MERTENS & WERMUTH 1955.

apaporiensis: NW South America (upper Rio Apaporis, between the falls of Jirijirimo and Puerto Yaviya, Colombia); Type locality: upper Rio Apaporis, Commisario Amazonas, Colombia.

chiapasius: Mexico (coastal Chiapas), coastal Guatemala, El Salvador;

fuscus: S Mexico (Oaxaca), south to NW Colombia (incl. San Andrés); Type locality: “Mittel-Amerika”, New Granada (Colombia), Rio Magdelena (fide Malnate 1971)  
Reproductionoviparous. Exhibits temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD) fide Cornejo-Páramo et al. 2020 (and references therein). 
TypesLectotype: UUZM (= ZMUU) (2); the 60cm s-v length discolored and desiccated syntype in the ZMUU, referred to as the "type specimen" by Lönnberg 1896, and as the "holotipo" by Medem 1981, designated by Hoogmoed and Gruber 1983: 379 (fide King & Burke 1989). Paralectotypes: NRM (NHRM) (2).
Holotype: FMNH 69812; paratypes: FMNH, SMF 43953-55, 48085-86 , MVZ 42842-44, USNM [apaporiensis]
Syntypes: MNHN-RA 6623, 7836-7837 (3 specimens) [chiapasius]
Holotype: ANSP 9720 [fuscus] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (1246 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentDistribution: Caiman crocodilus may be an occasional vagrant to the Grenada Bank. Not in Colombia (West Choco region) despite a report by F. Castro, pers. comm., 17 May 2013. Not in Oaxaca (Escobedo-Galván et al. 2015).

Subspecies after MEDEM 1983 and KING & BURKE 1989. Caiman crocodilus chiapasius is listed as a synonym of C. c. fuscus by WERMUTH & MERTENS 1977.

Invasive species: Caimans have been introduced to Florida as pets and recently have been identified as Caiman crocodilus fuscus, indicating the Magdalena River basin in Colombia as the most likely area of origin (Joventino Roberto et al. 2021).

Abundance: this is one of the species called “lost” and “rediscovered” by Lindken et al. 2024. 
EtymologyThe name crocodilus is apparently classical Latin for crocodile or lizard and is derived from the Greek word krokodeilos. 
References
  • Acuña-Vargas, J. C. 2016. Anfibios y Reptiles asociados a cinco coberturas de la tierra, municipio de Dibulla, La Guajira, Colombia. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n. s.), 32(2): 133-146 - get paper here
  • Allsteadt, J. 1994. Nesting Ecology of Caiman crocodilus in Caño Negro, Costa Rica Journal of Herpetology 28 (1): 12-19. - get paper here
  • Andersson, L.G. 1900. Catalogue of Linnean type-specimens of Linnaeus's Reptilia in the Royal Museum in Stockholm. [type catalogue] Bihang till Konglika Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens. Handlingar. Stockholm. (4) 26 (1): 1-29. - get paper here
  • Antelo, R. 2012. Caiman crocodilus (spectacled caiman) homosexual behavior. Herpetological Review 43: 327-328 - get paper here
  • Armando H. Escobedo Galván. 2006. Temperature variation in nests of Caiman crocodilus (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae). Acta Herpetologica 1 (2)
  • Arocha-Piñango, C.L. & S. Gorzula 1975. A Naturally-Occurring Inhibitor in the Blood-Clotting Mechanism of Caiman crocodilus Herpetologica 31 (4): 419-420. - get paper here
  • Assumpção, Teresinha Inês 2017. Semen collection techniques in spectacled caiman Caiman crocodilus Linnaeus, 1758. Herpetology Notes 10: 697-701 - get paper here
  • Auguste, Renoir J. 2019. Herpetofaunal checklist for six pilot protected areas in Trinidad and Tobago. Herpetology Notes 12: 577-585 - get paper here
  • Ávila, R.W.; R.A. Kawashita-Ribeiro. 2011. Herpetofauna of São João da Barra Hydroelectric Plant, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Check List 7 (6): 750-755 - get paper here
  • Balaguera-Reina, SERGIO A. 2012. Ethno-zoological relationships, habitat and population structure of Caiman crocodilus fuscus at Zapatosa and Costilla swamps, Cesar Department, Colombia. [in Spanish]. Herpetotropicos 8 (1-2): 05-12 - get paper here
  • Balaguera-Reina, Sergio A. 2019. Rediscovering the Apaporis Caiman (Caiman crocodilus apaporiensis): Notes from a Long-Anticipated Expedition. Journal of Herpetology 53 (4): 310-315 - get paper here
  • BALAGUERA-REINA, SERGIO A.; JOHN D. KONVALINA, RYAN S. MOHAMMED, BRANDON GROSS, RYAN VAZQUEZ, JUAN FELIPE MONCADA, … LLEWELLYN D. DENSMORE. 2021. From the river to the ocean: mitochondrial DNA analyses provide evidence of spectacled caimans (Caiman crocodilus Linnaeus 1758) mainland–insular dispersal. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 134(2): 486–497. - get paper here
  • BALAGUERA-REINA, SERGIO A.; MÓNICA ANGULO-BEDOYA, JUAN F. MONCADA-JIMENEZ, MARK WEBSTER, IGOR J. ROBERTO & FRANK J. MAZZOTTI. 2022. Update: Assessing the evolutionary trajectory of the Apaporis caiman (Caiman crocodilus apaporiensis, Medem 1955) via mitochondrial molecular markers. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society blac115. - get paper here
  • Barão-Nóbrega, José António Lemos; Marioni, Boris; Dutra-Araújo, Diogo; Botero-Arias, Robinson; Nogueira, António 2016. Nest attendance influences the diet of nesting female spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) in Central Amazonia, Brazil. The Herpetological Journal 26 (2): 65-71 - get paper here
  • Bartlett, R. D. & Bartlett, P. 1999. A Field Guide to Texas Reptiles and Amphibians. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, 331 pp.
  • Bauer A.M. and Russell A.P 2017. Carl Bernhard Brühl and the Herpetological Contributions of his Zootomie aller Thierklassen. Bibliotheca Herpetologica 13 (1-2): 4-34 - get paper here
  • Betancourth-Cundar, Mileidy & Aquiles Gutiérrez Zamora 2010. ASPECTOS ECOLÓGICOS DE LA HERPETOFAUNA DEL CENTRO EXPERIMENTAL AMAZÓNICO, PUTUMAYO, COLOMBIA ECOTRÓPICOS 23 (2): 61-78 - get paper here
  • Blanco-Torres, Argelina; Lina Báez S., Edgar Patiño-Flores, Juan M. Renjifo-R. 2013. Herpetofauna from the middle valley of the Ranchería river, La Guajira, Colombia. Rev. Biodivers. Neotrop. 3 (2): 113-22 - get paper here
  • Bocourt, F. 1876. Note sur quelques reptiles de l'Isthme de Tehuantepec (Mexique) donnés par M. Sumichrast au museum. Journal de Zoologie. Paris. 5 (5-6): 386-411 - get paper here
  • Borroto-Páez, Rafael; Roberto Alonso Bosch, Boris A. Fabres, and Osmany Alvarez García 2015. Introduced Amphibians and Reptiles in the Cuban Archipelago. Herp. Cons. Biol. 10 (3) - get paper here
  • BORROTO-PÁEZ, RAFAEL; ROBERTO ALONSO BOSCH, BORIS A. FABRES, AND OSMANY ALVAREZ GARCÍA 2015. INTRODUCED AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN THE CUBAN ARCHIPELAGO. Herp. Cons. Biol. 10 (3):985–1012. - get paper here
  • Brazaitis, P., G.H. Rebêlo & C. Yamashita 1996. The status of Caiman crocodilus crocodilus and Melanosuchus niger populations in the Amazonian regions of Brazil Amphibia-Reptilia, 17(4): 377-385. - get paper here
  • Brühl, C.B. 1874. Zootomie aller Thierklassen für Lernende, nach Autopsien, skizzirt. Bd. 1-4. Alfred Hölder, Wien: Bd. 1, 86 pp.; Bd. 2, 90 pp.; Bd. 3, 114 pp.; Bd. 4, 152 pp. (published in parts from 1874 to 1888, see Bauer & Russell 2017 for details) - get paper here
  • Busack, Stephen D. and Sima Pandya 2001. Geographic variation in Caiman crocodilus and Caiman yacare (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae): systematic and legal implications. Herpetologica 57 (3):294-312 - get paper here
  • Calgua de Léon, A.L. & Kunz, K. 2004. Das Überleben des schmackhaften Grünen Leguans mit Anmerkungen zu Caiman crocodilus fuscus. Reptilia (Münster) 9 (50): 74-80 - get paper here
  • Campos, Z. 1993. Effect of Habitat on Survival of Eggs and Sex Ratio of Hatchlings of Caiman crocodilus yacare in the Pantanal, Brazil Journal of Herpetology 27 (2): 127-132. - get paper here
  • Campos, Zilca; Coutinho, Marcos; Magnusson, Willam E. 2005. Field Body Temperatures of Caimans in the Pantanal, Brazil. The Herpetological Journal 15: 97-106 - get paper here
  • Campos, Zilca; Coutinho, Marcos; Mourão, Guilherme; Bayliss, Peter; Magnusson, William E. 2006. Long distance movements by Caiman crocodilus yacare: implications for management of the species in the Brazilian Pantanal. The Herpetological Journal 16: 123-132 - get paper here
  • Campos, Zilca; Magnusson, William E. 2011. Emergence behaviour of yacare caimans (Caiman crocodilus yacare) in the Brazilian Pantanal. The Herpetological Journal 21: 91-94 - get paper here
  • Campos, Zilca; Magnusson, William; Sanaiotti, Tânia; Coutinho, Marcos 2008. Reproductive trade-offs in Caiman crocodilus crocodilus and Caiman crocodilus yacare: implications for size-related management quotas. The Herpetological Journal 18: 91-96 - get paper here
  • Cartagena-Otálvaro, Viviana M.; Vivian P. Páez, Diego Alzate-Estrada, and Brian C. Bock 2020. Demography and Habitat Use of Caiman crocodilus in Two Contrasting Channels in the Middle Magdalena River Drainage, Colombia. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 15 (1): - get paper here
  • Casas-Andreu, G., F.R. Méndez-De la Cruz and X. Aguilar-Miguel. 2004. Anfibios y Reptiles; pp. 375–390, in A.J.M. García-Mendoza, J. Ordoñez and M. Briones-Salas (ed.). Biodiversidad de Oaxaca. Instituto de Biología, UNAM-Fondo Oaxaqueño para la Conservación de la Naturaleza-World Wildlife Fund, México, D. F.
  • Castro-Herrera, F. & Vargas-Salinas, F. 2008. Anfibios y reptiles en el departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Biota Colombiana 9 (2): 251 - 277 - get paper here
  • CASTRO-HERRERA, FERNANDO; ANYELET VALENCIA-AGUILAR, DIEGO VILLAQUIRAN 2013. EVALUACIÓN DE LA POBLACIÓN DE BABILLAS EN LOS HUMEDALES DEL SUR-OCCIDENTE DE LA ISLA GORGONA, PACÍFICO COLOMBIANO. Herpetotropicos 9 (1-2):19-23 - get paper here
  • CASTRO-HERRERA, FERNANDO; ANYELET VALENCIA-AGUILAR, DIEGO VILLAQUIRAN-Martínez 2012. Diversidad de Anfibios y Reptiles del Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona. Universidad del Valle, Santiago de Cali, Valle del Cauca, 112 pp. - get paper here
  • CATENAZZI, A., LEHR, E. & VON MAY, R. 2013. The amphibians and reptiles of Manu National Park and its buffer zone, Amazon basin and eastern slopes of the Andes, Peru. Biota Neotropica 13 (4): 269-283
  • Cole, Charles J.; Carol R. Townsend, Robert P. Reynolds, Ross D. MacCulloch, and Amy Lathrop 2013. Amphibians and reptiles of Guyana, South America: illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 125 (4): 317-578; plates: 580-620 - get paper here
  • Conant,R. & Collins,J.T. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern/Central North America, 3rd ed. Houghton Mifflin (Boston/New York), xx + 450 p.
  • Cope, E.D. 1868. On the Crocodilian Genus Perosuchus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1868: 203 - get paper here
  • Cornejo-Páramo, P., Lira-Noriega, A., Ramírez-Suástegui, C. et al. 2020. Sex determination systems in reptiles are related to ambient temperature but not to the level of climatic fluctuation. BMC Evol Biol 20: 103 - get paper here
  • Da Silveira, Ronis; Zilca Campos, John Thorbjarnarson and Wiliam E. Magnusson. 2013. Growth rates of Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger) and Spectacled Caiman (Caiman crocodilus) fron two different Amazonian flooded habitats. Amphibia-Reptilia 34 (4): 437-449 - get paper here
  • Díaz-Moreno, D. M., Hernández-Gonzalez, F., Moncada-Jimenez, J. F., Mora, C., Prada, C., Jiménez-Alonso, G., & Balaguera-Reina, S. A. 2021. Molecular characterization of the spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) in the upper Magdalena River basin, Colombia: Demographic and phylogeographic insights. Systematics and Biodiversity, 1-9 - get paper here
  • Diefenbach, C.O. da C. 1975. Thermal preferences and thermoregulation in Caiman crocodilus Copeia 1975 (3): 530-540. - get paper here
  • Ditmars, R. L. 1927. Reptiles of the World. McMillan, New Nork, 373 pp. - get paper here
  • Duellman, W. E. 1978. The biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. Misc. Publ. Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat. Hist. 65: 1-352 - get paper here
  • Duellman, W. E. 2005. Cusco Amazónico: The Lives of Amphibians and Reptiles in an Amazonian Rainforest. Comstock Pub Assoc.
  • Duellman, W.E., & Salas, A.W. 1991. Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Cuzco Amazonico, Peru. Occas. Papers Mus. of Natur. Hist., Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence (143): 13 pp. - get paper here
  • Duméril, A.M. C. and G. Bibron. 1836. Erpetologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol. 3. Libr. Encyclopédique Roret, Paris, 528 pp. - get paper here
  • Dunbar, John P.; Micaela Zarelli, Stephen A. Martin , Robert Gandola, Kevin A. Kavanagh , Fiona M. Walsh & Jesus A. Rivas 2015. Trunk vertebrae osteomyelitis in a spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus). Herpetological Bulletin (134) - get paper here
  • Ellis, T.M. 1980. Caiman crocodilus: An Established Exotic in South Florida Copeia 1980 (1): 152-154. - get paper here
  • Escobedo-Galván, Armando H.; Gustavo Casas-Andreu, and Gabriel Barrios-Quiroz 2015. On the occurrence of Caiman crocodilus in Oaxaca, Mexico: a misunderstanding for over 140 years. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2 (2): 220-223 - get paper here
  • ESCOBEDO-GALVÁN, ARMANDO H.;, FABIO G. CUPUL-MAGAÑA & JULIÁN A. VELASCO 2011. Misconceptions about the taxonomy and distribution of Caiman crocodilus chiapasius and C. crocodilus fuscus (Reptilia: Crocodylia: Alligatoridae). Zootaxa 3015: 66–68 - get paper here
  • Eversole, C. B., Powell, R. L., Rivas, L. R., & Lizarro, D. E. 2024. Reptile Biodiversity and Vulnerability in Bolivia’s Beni Department: Informing Conservation Priorities in a Neglected Frontier. Diversity, 16(6), 335 - get paper here
  • FALCÓN ESPITIA, NELSON & ADRIANA JEREZ. 2021. Cranial characters in Caiman crocodilus (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) with emphasis on the subspecies distributed in Colombia. Cuadernos de Herpetología 35(1): 131–146. - get paper here
  • Ferguson, Gary W. 1977. Display and Communications in Reptiles: An Historical Perspective. American Zoologist 17: 167-176 - get paper here
  • Fernández, Luis M.; Manuel Arias, and Emily S. Khazan 2015. Analysis of Population Density and Distribution of Spectacled Caiman (Caiman crocodilus) in Caño <br>Palma, Northeast Costa Rica. Herp. Cons. Biol. 10 (3) - get paper here
  • Fleishman, L.J. & A.S. Rand 1989. Caiman crocodilus Does Not Require Vision for Underwater Prey Capture Journal of Herpetology 23 (3): 296. - get paper here
  • Fowler, Henry W. 1915. On the identity of Perosuchus Cope with Caiman Spix. Proc. New England zool. Club 5: 103-106 + 2 plates - get paper here
  • Freitas, M. A. de, Venancio, N. M., Abegg, A. D., Azevedo, W. S, Pereira, V. O., Zanotti, A. P., Veloso, A., Schwarzbach, L., Oliveira, A. G., da Silva, R. C. C., de Amorim, V. R. G. and de Moura, G. J. B. 2020. Herpetofauna at the Rio Acre Ecological Station, Amazon Rainforest, Brazil. Herpetology Notes 13: 33-48. - get paper here
  • Friers, Joshua and James P. Flaherty. 2016. Caiman crocodilus (Spectacled Caiman) Diet. Herpetological Review 47 (1): 131 - get paper here
  • Fuentes, Rogemif; Aschcroft, Jesse; Erick Barría, Helio Quintero-Arrieta, Alexis Baules, Abel Batista, Eduardo Zambrano, Marcos Ponce 2023. Herpetological diversity in forests of Portobelo National Park, Colón Biological Corridor, Panama. Reptiles & Amphibians 30 (1): e18434 - get paper here
  • Gans, C. 1980. Allometric Changes in the Skull and Brain of Caiman crocodilus Journal of Herpetology 14 (3): 297-301. - get paper here
  • Gatten, R.E., Jr. 1980. Metabolic Rates of Fasting and Recently Fed Spectacled Caimans (Caiman crocodilus) Herpetologica 36 (4): 361-364. - get paper here
  • Gemel, R.; G. Gassner & S. Schweiger 2019. Katalog der Typen der Herpetologischen Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien – 2018. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 121: 33–248
  • Gomes-Cunha, Fábio Andrew; Rafael Sá Leitão Barboza, George Henrique Rebêlo 2016. Communal Nesting of Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) in Amazon Forest Floodplain, Brazil. Herpetology Notes 9: 141-144 - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Gorzula, Stefan & Senaris, J. Celsa 1999. In: Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana. I: a data base. Scientia Guaianae, Caracas, No. 8 [1998], 269+ pp.; ISBN 980-6020-48-0
  • Grant, P.B.C. & Lewis, T.R. 2010. High-speed boat traffic: a risk to crocodilian populations. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 5 (3): 456-460 - get paper here
  • Gray, J. E. 1869. New Alligator from New Grenada. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 3: 171-172 - get paper here
  • Haghighi, A., and M. Tellez . 2017. Size-related habitat partitioning of yearling, juvenile, and subadult Caiman crocodilus in the Refugio Bartola region of Nicaragua. Mesoamerican Herpetology 4(1): 173–174 - get paper here
  • Henderson, C.L. 2010. Mammals, Amphibians, and Reptiles of Costa Rica - A field guide. University of Texas Press, Austin, 198 pp.
  • Hirschfeld, Klaus 2011. Die kurze Geschichte des Kehler Schul-Vivariums (1965 – 1978). Eine kommunale tiergärtnerische Anlage und ihr bester Zuchterfolg: 1966 Welt-Erstnachzucht des Krokodil-Kaimans (Caiman crocodilus) in Kehl Sekretär 11 (2): - get paper here
  • Hoogmoed,M.S. and Gruber,U. 1983. Spix and Wagler type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the Natural History Musea in Munich (Germany) and Leiden (The Netherlands). Spixiana Suppl. 9: 319-415 - get paper here
  • Janke, A.; Erpenback, D.; Nilsson, M. & Arnason, U. 2001. The mitochondrial genomes of the iguana (Iguana iguana) and the caiman (Caiman crocodylus): implications for amniote phylogeny. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 268: 623-631 - get paper here
  • Johnson, Jerry D.; Vicente Mata-Silva, Elí García Padilla, and Larry David Wilson 2015. The Herpetofauna of Chiapas, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2 (3): 272–329. - get paper here
  • Jungnickel, Jens 2012. Das Barbados Wildlife Reserve – ein lohnendes Reiseziel. Terraria-Elaphe 2013 (1): 52-53 - get paper here
  • Krysko, Kenneth L., Michael Granatosky, Zachary W. Fratto, Jeffrey L. Kline and Michael R. Rochford. 2010. Caiman crocodilus: Prey. Herpetological Review 41 (3): 348-349 - get paper here
  • Krysko, Kenneth L.; Joseph P. Burgess, Michael R. Rochford, Christopher R. Gillette, Daniel Cueva, Kevin M. Enge, Louis A. Somma, Jennifer L. Stabile, Dustin C. Smith, Joseph A. Wasilewski, Guy N. Kieckhefer III, Michael C. Granatosky & Stuart V. Nie 2011. VERIFIED NON-INDIGENOUS AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN FLORIDA FROM 1863 THROUGH 2010: OUTLINING THE INVASION PROCESS AND IDENTIFYING INVASION PATHWAYS AND STAGES. Zootaxa 3028: 1–64 - get paper here
  • Laverty, Theresa M. and Andrew P. Dobson 2013. Dietary Overlap Between Black Caimans and Spectacled Caimans in the Peruvian Amazon. Herpetologica 69 (1): 91-101. - get paper here
  • Lehr, E. 2001. New records for amphibians and reptiles from Departamentos Pasco and Ucayali, Peru. Herpetological Review 32 (2): 130-132 - get paper here
  • Lehr, E. 2002. Amphibien und Reptilien in Peru. Natur und Tier-Verlag (Münster), 208 pp. - get paper here
  • Lindken T.; Anderson, C. V., Ariano-Sánchez, D., Barki, G., Biggs, C., Bowles, P., Chaitanya, R., Cronin, D. T., Jähnig, S. C., Jeschke, J. M., Kennerley, R. J., Lacher, T. E. Jr., Luedtke, J. A., Liu, C., Long, B., Mallon, D., Martin, G. M., Meiri, 2024. What factors influence the rediscovery of lost tetrapod species? Global Change Biology, 30: 1-18 - get paper here
  • Linnaeus, C. [= Linné, C. von] 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ. 10th Edition: 824 pp. - get paper here
  • Lönnberg, E. 1896. Linnean type-specimens of birds, reptiles, batrachians, and fishes in the Zoological Museum of the Royal Univeristy of Upsala. [type catalogue] Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens. Handlingar, Stockholm 22 (4) l: 1-45 - get paper here
  • Madella-Auricchio, Cláudia Renata; Paulo Auricchio Enio Saraiva Soares 2017. Reptile species composition in the Middle Gurguéia and comparison with inventories in the eastern Parnaíba River Basin, State of Piauí, Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 57(28): 375-386, - get paper here
  • Magnusson, W.E. & T.M. Sanaiotti 1995. Growth of Caiman crocodilus crocodilus in Central Amazonia, Brazil Copeia 1995 (2): 498-501. - get paper here
  • Malnate, Edmond V. 1971. A catalogue of primary types in the Herpetological Collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (ANSP). Proccedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 123 (9): 345-375 - get paper here
  • Marioni, Boris; Ronis Da Silveira, William E Magnusson, and John Thorbjarnarson 2008. Feeding Behavior of Two Sympatric Caiman Species, Melanosuchus niger and Caiman crocodilus, in the Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Herpetology 42 (4): 768 - get paper here
  • Mata-Silva, Vicente, Jerry D. Johnson, Larry David Wilson and Elí García-Padilla. 2015. The herpetofauna of Oaxaca, Mexico: composition, physiographic distribution, and conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 2 (1): 6–62 - get paper here
  • McCranie, James R. 2015. A checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with additions, comments on taxonomy, some recent taxonomic decisions, and areas of further studies needed. Zootaxa 3931 (3): 352–386 - get paper here
  • McCranie, James R. 2018. The Lizards, Crocodiles, and Turtles of Honduras. Systematics, Distribution, and Conservation. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Special Publication Series (2): 1- 666 - get paper here
  • McNish, T. 2011. La fauna del archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, Colombia, Sudamérica. Colomba Andina de Impresos, ISBN 978-958-99518-1-1
  • Medem, F. 1955. A new subspecies of Caiman sclerops from Colombia. Fieldiana: Zoology 37: 339-343 - get paper here
  • Medem, F. 1981. Los Crocodylia de Sur America. Vol. 1. Los Crocodylia de Colombia. Ministerio de Educacion Nacional, Bogotá. 354 pp.
  • MENDES-PINTO, TELÊMACO JASON; Mestrando, BERNHARD, RAFAEL, VOGT, RICHARD; PEDRETT, RONNEZZA CÉLLIA LOBATO CAMPOS;GARCIA, RAUBER SANTOS 2011. A COLLECTION OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH OF THE AMAZON. Rev. Colombiana cienc. Anim. 3(2): 238 - get paper here
  • Mertens, R. 1952. Die Amphibien und Reptilien von El Salvador. Abh. senckenb. naturf. Ges. (Frankfurt) (No. 487): 120 pp.
  • Metcalf, M. F., Guedouar, E., Davis, L., Rodriguez, A., Marsh, A., Pacaya, E. T., ... & Gunnels IV, C. W. 2023. Herpetofauna of Madre Selva Biological Station in Loreto, Peru. Herpetology Notes, 16, 727-740
  • Metcalf, Matthew; Alexander Marsh, Emerson Torres, Devon Graham, Charles Gunnels 2020. Herpetofauna of the Santa Cruz Forest Preserve in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Herpetology Notes 13: 753-767 - get paper here
  • Miles, Lee G.; Stacey L. Lance; Sally R. Isberg; Chris Moran; Travis C. Glenn 2009. Cross-species amplification of microsatellites in crocodilians: assessment and applications for the future. Conservation Genetics. 10:935–954 - get paper here
  • Miranda, Daniele Bazzo; Nathocley Mendes Venâncio, Saymon de Albuquerque 2014. Rapid survey of the herpetofauna in an area of forest management in eastern Acre, Brazil. Check List 10 (4): 893-899 - get paper here
  • Morato, S.A.A.; Calixto, P.O.; Mendes, L.R.; Gomes, R.; Galatti, U.; Trein, F.L.; Oliveira, F.S.; Ferreira, G.N. 2014. Guia fotográfico de identificação da herpetofauna da Floresta Nacional de Saracá-Taquera, Estado do Pará. Curitiba: STCP Engenharia de Projetos Ltda.; Porto Trombetas: MRN – Mineração Rio do Norte S.A.; 213 p. - get paper here
  • Morato, Sérgio Augusto Abrahão; Guilherme Nunes Ferreira; Michela Rossane Cavilha Scupino (eds.) 2018. Herpetofauna da Amazônia Central: Estudos na FLONA de Saracá-Taquera. Curitiba, Pr: STCP Engenharia de Projetos Ltda.; Porto Trombetas, Pa: MRN – Mineração Rio do Norte S.A., 2018.<br>210p. - get paper here
  • Nickel, H. & Auliya, M. 2004. Krokodile - faszinierende Überlebenskünstler. Draco 5 (20): 4-19 - get paper here
  • Okamoto, Kenichi W.; R. Brian Langerhans, Rezoana Rashid and Priyanga Amarasekare 2015. Microevolutionary patterns in the common caiman predict macroevolutionary trends across extant crocodilians. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, DOI: 10.1111/bij.12641 - get paper here
  • Olmos, F.; Souza, M.F.B. 1991. Caiman crocodilus in the "Caatinga" of southeastern Piaui, Brazil. Herpetological Review 22 (1): 28-29 - get paper here
  • Ortiz, D.A., J.F. Dueñas, F. Villamarín & S.R. Ron 2020. Long-Term Monitoring Reveals Population Decline of Spectacled Caimans (Caiman crocodilus) at a Black-Water Lake in Ecuadorian Amazon Journal of Herpetology 54 (1): 31-38. - get paper here
  • Ouboter, P.E.; Nanhoe, L.M. 1988. Habitat selection and migration of Caiman crocodilus crocodilus in a swamp and swamp-forest habitat in northern Suriname. Journal of Herpetology 22 (3): 283-294 - get paper here
  • PAN, TAO; JIA-SHUN MIAO, HUA-BIN ZHANG, PENG YAN, PING-SHIN LEE, XIN-YUE JIANG, JIA-HUI OUYANG, YOU-PENG DENG, BAO-WEI ZHANG & XIAO-BING WU. 2021. Near-complete phylogeny of extant Crocodylia (Reptilia) using mitogenome-based data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191(4): 1075–1089. - get paper here
  • Parker, G.H. 1925. THE TIME OF SUBMERGENCE NECESSARY TO DROWN ALLIGATORS AND TURTLES. Occas. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 5: 157-159
  • Parra-Torres, Felipe; Rafael A. Moreno-Arias, and Olga l. Montenegro 2020. Evaluation of Crocodilian Populations along the Bita River (Vichada, Colombia). Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 15 (2): - get paper here
  • PEREIRA, ANDRÉ C.; THIAGO C.G. PORTELINHA & ADRIANA MALVASIO. 2022. Population Ecology and Human Disturbance Effects on Two Caiman Species in the Southern Brazilian Amazon. South American Journal of Herpetology 23(1): 32–41. - get paper here
  • Pinto-Erazo, M.A., Calderón-Espinosa, M.L., Medina-Rangel, G.F. & Méndez-Galeano, M.A. 2020. Herpetofauna from two municipalities of southwestern Colombia. Biota Colombiana 21(1): 41-57. DOI: 10.21068/c2020.v21n01a04 - get paper here
  • Piras, Paolo; Luciano Teresi; Angela D. Buscalioni and Jorge Cubo 2009. The shadow of forgotten ancestors differently constrains the fate of Alligatoroidea and Crocodyloidea. Global Ecology and Biogeography (Global Ecol. Biogeogr.) 18: 30–40 - get paper here
  • Prodromou, P. & Lewis, T.R. 2013. The crocodile muzzle: an experimental method of pacifying captured crocodilians. Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter 32 (4): 30-32 - get paper here
  • RAMIREZ-BRAVO, O. E., J. M. SOLIS, AND T. STEPHANIE 2020. Caiman crocodylus (Spectacled Caiman). Secondary Tail Regeneration. Herpetological Review 51: 117-118.
  • Reynolds, Robert P.; Steve W. Gotte, and Carl H. Ernst 2007. Catalog of Type Specimens of Recent Crocodilia and Testudines in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 626: 1-49 - get paper here
  • RIVAS, GILSON A.; CÉSAR R. MOLINA, GABRIEL N. UGUETO, TITO R. BARROS, CÉSAR L. BAR- RIO-AMORÓS & PHILIPPE J. R. KOK 2012. Reptiles of Venezuela: an updated and commented checklist. Zootaxa 3211: 1–64 - get paper here
  • Roberto, Igor Joventino; Matthew T. Fedler; Tomas Hrbek; Izeni P. Farias; David C. Blackburn 2021. The Taxonomic Status of Florida Caiman: A Molecular Reappraisal. Journal of Herpetology 55 (3): 279-284 - get paper here
  • ROBERTO, IGOR JOVENTINO; ROBINSON BOTERO-ARIAS 2013. The distress call of Caiman crocodilus crocodilus (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) in western Amazonia, Brazil. Zootaxa 3647 (4) - get paper here
  • Rodrigues-França, Frederico Gustavo & Nathocley Mendes-Venâncio 2010. Reptiles and amphibians of a poorly known region in southwest Amazonia Biotemas, 23 (3): 71-84 - get paper here
  • Rodríguez Schettino, Lourdes, Carlos A. Mancina & Vilma Rivalta González 2013. REPTILES OF CUBA: CHECKLIST AND GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS. Smithsonian Herp. Inf. Serv. (144): 1-96 - get paper here
  • Roque, N., Gross, B., Rodriguez-Cordero, A. L., Balaguera-Reina, S. A., & Densmore III, L. D. 2024. First confirmed record of Spectacled Caiman, Caiman crocodilus Linnaeus 1758, in the Department of Pando, Bolivia. Reptiles & Amphibians, 31(1): E21738-E21738 - get paper here
  • Sacha, Manuel 2023. Krokodile in Menschenobhut. Sauria 45 (2): 11-30
  • Santos, Sandra Aparecida; Marcelo Stoll Nogueira, Max Silva Pinheiro, Zilca Campos, William E. Magnusson And Guilherme M. Mourao 1996. Diets of Caiman crocodilus yacare from different habitats in the Brazilian Pantantal. The Herpetological Journal 6 (4): 111-117 - get paper here
  • Schaller, G.B., & P.G. Crawshaw 1982. Fishing behavior of Paraguayan Caiman (Caiman crocodilus) Copeia 1982 (1): 66-72. - get paper here
  • Schwartz, A. & Henderson, R.W. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 720 pp.
  • Silva, Marcélia Basto da; Wáldima Alves da Rocha, Janete Diane Nogueira-Paranhos 2016. Checklist of reptiles of the Amazonia-Caatinga-Cerrado ecotonal zone in eastern Maranhão, Brazil. Herpetology Notes 9: 7-14 - get paper here
  • Silveira, R. da, W.E. Magnusson & Z. Campos 1997. Monitoring the Distribution, Abundance and Breeding Areas of Caiman crocodilus crocodilus and Melanosuchus niger in the Anavilhanas Archipelago, Central Amazonia, Brazil Journal of Herpetology 31 (4): 514-520. - get paper here
  • Silveira, Ronis Da; Emiliano E. Ramalho, John B. Thorbjarnarson, and William E. Magnusson 2010. Depredation by Jaguars on Caimans and Importance of Reptiles in the Diet of Jaguar. Journal of Herpetology 44 (3): 418–424 - get paper here
  • Solís, J. M., L. D. Wilson, and J. H. Townsend. 2014. An updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras, with comments on their nomenclature. Mesoamerican Herpetology 1: 123–144 - get paper here
  • Steffen, V. & S. Steffen 1999. Haltung und Nachzucht des Gewöhnlichen Brillen - oder Krokodilkaimans Caiman crocodilus crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758). Sauria 21 (1): 33-37 - get paper here
  • Sunyer, Javier 2014. An updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Nicaragua. Mesoamerican Herpetology 1 (2): 186–202. - get paper here
  • Sunyer, Javier & José́ Gabriel Martínez-Fonseca 2023. An updated country checklist to the amphibians and reptiles of Nicaragua. REVISTA NICARAGÜENSE DE BIODIVERSIDAD (100): 1-25 - get paper here
  • TAKAMINE, CRISTIANE NAOKO, HIANKA JASMYNE COSTA DE CARVALHO, MICHELLE SILVA ARAÚJO, RAFAELA RODRIGUES RIBEIRO, MARIA ANGÉLICA MIGLINO & ALAN PERES FERRAZ DE MELO. 2021. Anatomo-Histological Evaluation of Male Reproductive System of the Juvenile Caiman crocodilus yacare. International Journal of Morphology 39(6): 1688–1693. - get paper here
  • TAKAMINE, CRISTIANE NAOKO; HIANKA JASMYNE COSTA DE CARVALHO, MICHELLE SILVA ARAÚJO, RAFAELA RODRIGUES RIBEIRO, MARIA ANGÉLICA MIGLINO, ALAN PERES FERRAZ DE-MELO, CRISTIANE NAOKO TAKAMINE, HIANKA JASMYNE COSTA DE CARVALHO, MICHELLE SILVA ARAÚJO, RAFAE 2021. Evaluación Anátomo-Histológica del Sistema Reproductor del Caiman crocodilus yacare Macho Juvenil. International Journal of Morphology 39(6): 1688–1693. - get paper here
  • Thorbjarnarson, J.B. 1993. Diet of the Spectacled Caiman (Caiman crocodilus) in the Central Venezuelan Llanos Herpetologica 49 (1): 108-117. - get paper here
  • Thorbjarnarson, J.B. 1994. Reproductive ecology of the spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) in the Venezuelan llanos Copeia 1994 (4): 907-919. - get paper here
  • Thorbjarnarson, J.B. 1995. Dry season diel activity patterns of spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) in the Venezuelan llanos Amphibia-Reptilia, 16(4): 415-421. - get paper here
  • Torres-Carvajal O, Pazmiño-Otamendi G, Salazar-Valenzuela D. 2019. Reptiles of Ecuador: a resource-rich portal, with a dynamic checklist and photographic guides. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13 (1): [General Section]: 209–229 (e178) - get paper here
  • Trutnau, L. & Sommerlad, R. 2006. Crocodilians. Their natural history and captive husbandry. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 646 pp. [review in Reptilia GB 48: 8-10]
  • Trutnau, L. & Sommerlad, R. 2006. Krokodile - Biologie und Haltung. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 646 pp. [review in Reptilia Münster 11 (6): 95-96]
  • Trutnau, Ludwig 1990. Zur Kenntnis des Krokodilkaimans Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758). Herpetofauna 12 (64): 25-34 - get paper here
  • Valencia-Zuleta A, Jaramillo-Martínez AF, Echeverry-Bocanegra A, Viáfara-Vega R, Hernández-Córdoba O, Cardona-Botero VE, Gutiérrez-Zúñiga J, Castro-Herrera F. 2014. Conservation status of the herpetofauna, protected areas, and current problems in Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 8 (2): 1–18 (e87) - get paper here
  • Varona, L.S. 1976. Caiman crocodilus (Reptilia: Alligatoridae) en Cuba. Miscelanea Zoologica, Acad.Sci. de Cuba 5: 2
  • Vasconcelos, William R. et al. 2006. Population genetic analysis of Caiman crocodilus(Linnaeus, 1758) from South America. Genetics and Molecular Biology 29 (2): 220-230 - get paper here
  • Vaz-Silva, W.; RM Oliveira, AFN Gonzaga, KC Pinto, FC Poli, TM Bilce, M Penhacek, L Wronski, JX Martins, TG Junqueira, LCC, Cesca VY, Guimarães RD. Pinheiro 2015. Contributions to the knowledge of amphibians and reptiles from Volta Grande do Xingu, northern Brazil Braz. J. Biol., 75 (3) (suppl.): S205-S218 - get paper here
  • Velasco, A. and Ayarzagüena, J. 2010. Spectacled Caiman crocodilus. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Third Edition. Crocodile Specialist Group: Darwin, ed. by S.C. Manolis and C. Stevenson. Pp. 10-15 in Crocodiles - get paper here
  • Venegas-Anaya, M.; Crawford, A.J.; Escobedo Galván, A.H.; Sanjur, O.I.; Densmore III, L.D.; Bermingham, E. 2008. Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeography of Caiman crocodilus in Mesoamerica and South America. J. Exp. Zool. 309A:614–627 - get paper here
  • Vogt, R.C.; Ferrara, C.R.; Bernhard, R.; Carvalho, V.T.; Balensiefer, D.C.; Bonora, L.; Novelle, S.M.H. 2007. Capítulo 9. Herpetofauna. p. 127-143. In: Rapp Py-Daniel, L.; Deus, C.P.; Henriques, A.L.; Pimpão, D.M.; Ribeiro, O.M. (orgs.). Biodiversidade do Médio Madeira: Bases científicas para propostas de conservação. INPA: Manaus, 244pp.
  • Voigt, K.H. 2008. Krokodilschwanz bei Caiman crocodilus nachgewachsen. Elaphe 16 (2): 43
  • von During, M.;Karduck, A.;Richter, H. G. 1974. The fine structure of the inner ear in caiman crocodilus. Z Anat Entwicklungsgesch 145 (1): 41-65 - get paper here
  • Wermuth,H. & Fuchs,K. 1978. Bestimmen von Krokodilen und ihrer Häute. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart - New York, 100 pages, [ISBN 3-437-30268-X]
  • Wied-Neuwied, M. 1824. Verzeichniss der Amphibien, welche im zweyten Bande der Naturgeschichte Brasiliens vom Prinz Max von Neuwied werden beschrieben werden. Isis von Oken 14: 661—673 [columns] - get paper here
  • Willis, Ray E. 2009. Transthyretin gene (TTR) intron 1 elucidates crocodylian phylogenetic relationships. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53 (3): 1049-1054 - get paper here
  • Wilms, T. 2004. Planung, Bau und Betrieb von Anlagen zur Haltung von Brillenkaimanen, Caiman crocodilus (LINNAEUS 1758), im “Reptilium - Terrarien- und Wüstenzoo”, Landau. Draco 5 (20): 20-27 - get paper here
 
External links  
Is it interesting? Share with others:

As link to this species use URL address:

https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Caiman&species=crocodilus

without field 'search_param'. Field 'search_param' is used for browsing search result.



Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator