You are here » home › advanced search › Chamaeleo chamaeleon

Chamaeleo chamaeleon (LINNAEUS, 1758)

IUCN Red List - Chamaeleo chamaeleon - Least Concern, LC
iNaturalist logo

Can you confirm these amateur observations of Chamaeleo chamaeleon?

Add your own observation of
Chamaeleo chamaeleon »

Find more photos by Google images search: Google images

Higher TaxaChamaeleonidae, Sauria, Iguania, Squamata (lizards)
SubspeciesChamaeleo chamaeleon chamaeleon (LINNAEUS 1758)
Chamaeleo chamaeleon musae STEINDACHNER 1901
Chamaeleo chamaeleon orientalis PARKER 1938
Chamaeleo chamaeleon recticrista BOETTGER 1880 
Common NamesG: Gemeines Chamäleon, Europäisches Chamäleon, Gewöhnliches Chamäleon
Italian: camaleonte comune 
SynonymLacerta chamaeleon LINNAEUS 1758: 204
Chamaeleo parisiensium LAURENTI 1768
Chamaeleon mntabiiis MEYER 1795: 27
Chamaeleon vulgaris — DAUDIN 1802
Chamaeleo carinatus — MERREM 1820 (n. subst. pro Ch. parisiensium)
Cameleo siculus GROHMANN 1832
Chamaeleo Vulgaris — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1836: 204
Chameleon parisiensis — GRAY 1845 (n. subst. pro Ch. parisiensium)
Chamaeleo vulgaris — TURNER 1853: 292
Chameleo Vulgaris — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 245
Chamaeleo cinereus STRAUCH 1862 (BOETTGER 1874 fide SCHLEICH et al.)
Chamaeleon vulgaris — GRAY 1865: 344
Chamaeleon auratus GRAY 1865 (syn. Ch. chamaeleon orientalis)
Chameleon parisientium — BOSCA 1880 (err. pro Chamaeleo parisiensium)
Chamaeleon fasciatus SMITH 1866
Chamaeleo cinereus — BOETTGER 1879: 80
Chamaeleo vulgaris — BOETTGER 1885: 472
Chamaeleo saharicus MÜLLER 1887
Chamaeleon chamaeleon — ANDERSSON 1900: 12
Chamaeleon chamaeleon saharicus — WERNER 1911: 10
Chamaeleon vulgaris — WERNER 1935: 107
Chamaeleo chamaeleon — ENGELMANN et al 1993
Chamaeleo chamaeleon — SCHLEICH, KÄSTLE & KABISCH 1996: 312
Chamaeleo (Chamaeleo) chamaeleon — NECAS 1999: 120
Chamaeleo chamaeleon — TILBURY & TOLLEY 2009
Chamaeleo chamaeleon — TILBURY 2010: 467
Chameleo chameleon — FOUDA & EL MANSI 2017 (in error)
Chamaeleo chamaeleon — SPEYBROECK et al. 2020

Chamaeleo chamaeleon chamaeleon (LINNAEUS 1758)
Chamaeleon hispanicus — FITZINGER 1843 (n. nud.)
Chamaeleon rimulosus GRAVENHORST 1843 (n. nud.)
Chamaeleon chamaeleon chamaeleon — WERNER 1911: 10
Chamaeleo (Chamaeleo) chamaeleon chamaeleon — KLAVER & BÖHME 1997

Chamaeleo chamaeleon musae STEINDACHNER, 1901
Chamaeleo vulgaris var. musae STEINDACHNER 1901: 331
Chamaeleon chamaeleon musae — WERNER 1911: 10
Chamaeleo (Chamaeleo) chamaeleon musae — KLAVER & BÖHME 1997
Chamaeleon chamaeleon musae — IBRAHIM 2013

Chamaeleo chamaeleon orientalis PARKER 1938
Chamaeleo chamaeleon orientalis — SCHÄTTI & GASPERETTI 1994
Chamaeleo (Chamaeleo) chamaeleon orientalis — KLAVER & BÖHME 1997
Chamaeleo chamaeleon orientalis — SINDACO et al. 2014
Chamaeleo chamaeleon orientalis — CAMPBELL & DENZER 2020
Chamaeleo chamaeleon orientalis — ALOUFI et al. 2021

Chamaeleo chamaeleon recticrista BOETTGER 1880
Chamaeleo vulgaris var. recticrista BOETTGER 1880
Chamaeleo chamaeleon recticrista — ESTERBAUER 1985
Chamaeleo chamaeleon recticrista — HRAOUI-BLOQUET et al. 2002
Chamaeleo chamaeleon recticrista — SCHNEIDER 2020 
DistributionS Greece (Aegean Islands, Crete, Chios, Samos), Malta, S Portugal, S Spain, S/E Turkey, Cyprus, Italy (Apulia, Calabria),
N Africa: Western Sahara, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sinai, Israel, Jordan, SW Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq

Introduced to Madeira (WAGNER et al. 2012)

musae: Egypt (N Sinai)

orientalis: Saudi Arabia; Type locality: Taif, south of Hijaz, 5500 ft asl, Saudi Arabia.

recticrista: Jordan, Israel; Type locality: Haifa, Jerusalem, Beirut and Cyprus. Terra typica restricta (fide MERTENS 1922: 177): Jerusalem.

Type locality: “Africa, Asia”  
Reproductionoviparous. Exhibits temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD) fide Cornejo-Páramo et al. 2020 (and references therein). 
TypesSyntypes: NRM (2 specimens; fide ANDERSSON 1900: 13).
Holotype: NHMUK 1946.8.21.11 (Previously NHMUK 1863.6.15.1), female, coll. H. Christy [auratus]
Syntypes: NMW 18163: 1 – 5 (5 specimens) [musae]
Holotype: NAMBA = NHMB [saharicus]
Lectotype: SMF 16151, female [recticrista]
Holotype: NHMUK 1946.8.13.52 (Previously NHMUK 1934.10.20.13), Taif, Saudi Ara- bia, coll. J. B. Philby; Paratypes: NHMUK 1946.8.21.10 (Previously NHMUK 1935.2.1.23), Barad, Arabia, 7000 ft asl, coll. J. B. Philby; NHMUK 1946.8.13.50–51 (Previously NHMUK 1934.10.20.14–15), Taif, Saudi Arabia, coll. J. B. Philby; NHMUK 1946.8.13.53–54 (Previously NHMUK 1935.2.1.21–22), Taif, Saudia Arabia, coll. J. B. Philby; NHMUK 1946.8.21.83–87 (Previously NHMUK 1938.2.1.8–12), mountains around Abha, S. Hejaz, coll. J. B. Philby; NHMUK 1946.8.13.76 (Previously NHMUK 1938.2.1.13), Ashaira, S. Hejaz, 4000 ft asl, coll. J. B. Philby; [orientalis] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): Apart from occipital lobes in some species and prominent parietal crests in others, they have little other head ornamentation. None of them possess horns or any form of rostro-nasal or pre-orbital projections. A gular-ventral crest of single cones is found in all species being more or less developed in the various forms from very prominent in Ch. calyptratus to almost indiscernible in Ch. namaquensis. None of the species of this genus demonstrate a temporal crest. The casque is edged in a lateral parietal crest originating as a posterior continuation of the supra-orbital ridge which delineates the posterior ramus of the squamosal bone. The temporal zone is undivided. The background scalation of the flanks is generally composed of relatively homogeneous to finely heterogeneous closely packed granular tubercles. The tail of all species within this group is smooth. The plantar surfaces are smooth and claws simple. This is the only genus where the presence of tarsal spurs is seen in several of the species (Ch. arabicus, Ch. monachus, Ch. chamaeleon, Ch. necasi, Ch zeylanicus, Ch. dilepis, Ch. gracilis, Ch. calyptratus, Ch. africanus). These tend to be best developed in males and usually absent or much reduced in females. Tarsal spurs may be a synapomorphy for the genus Chamaeleo. The basic internal lung morphology consists of two large septae arising from the region of the hilum of the lung which end freely within the lung, dividing it into three chambers viz a small dorsal, a large middle and a small ventral chamber. All species possess a gular pouch and in the lung a membrano-fibrous diaphragm that partially separates off a small dorso-cranial compartment. Many species also have several small partial septae that arise from the dorsal wall of the lung near the cranial end. The lungs are invariably adorned with varying numbers of diverticulae that trail from the inferior and posterior margins of the lung. The diverticulae vary in length and number and may be branched (Klaver 1973, 1977, 1981). Hemipenes are calyculate, with a multi rotulae arrangement of between three to five pairs of denticulated rotulae except for Ch. arabicus and Ch. namaquensis which have retained the plesiomorphic four rotulae (two pairs) configuration (Klaver & Böhme 1986). The genus is oviparous with a cyclic reproductive strategy – usually a single brood but up to three clutches of eggs per year in some species in ideal conditions. These species tend to have relative longevity. Females are usually sexually mature within one year and over the next few years will produce at least one clutch of eggs annually. The parietal peritoneum is unpigmented. The documented karyotype of the several species so far examined (Matthey 1931, 1957, Matthey & van Brink 1956) is 2n=24=12M+12m and appears to be restricted to this genus as a synapomorphic character (Klaver & Böhme 1986) [from TILBURY & TOLLEY 2009). 
CommentSynonymy: Chamaeleo chamaeleon recticrista was listed as a synonym of C. c. chamaeleon by Klaver & Böhme 1997: 32.

Subspecies: Chamaeleo chamaeleon arabicus and C. c. zeylanicus have been elevated to species status. Chamaeleo chamaeleon calcarifer is now C. calyptratus calcarifer. Chamaeleo chamaeleon has been reported from the Canary Islands but these are most likely escaped pets that do not form viable populations (A. Vilado, pers. comm.). Not present on Sicily as sometimes reported. The status of C. c. recticrista remains uncertain. See also discussion in Klaver & Böhme 1997: 58 who list it as synonym of C. c. chamaeleon (p. 32) but point out that it may be valid.

Distribution: not in Iran fide SMID et al. 2014 (checklist Iran). See Bar et al. 2021 for a map.

Type species: Chamaeleo parisiensium Laurenti 1768 is the type species of the genus Chamaeleo Laurenti 1768.

The genus Chamaeleo has been redefined by TILBURY & TOLLEY (2009) who elevated members of the subgenus Trioceros to full generic status. See Ch. oweni for a definition of Trioceros.

Other generic synonyms include Phumanola Gray 1865; type species Chamaeleo namaquensis Smith 183I. Calyptosaura Gray 1865; type species (by subsequent designation) Loveridge 1957, Chamaeleo calyptratus Dumeril and Bibron 185I. Erizia Gray 1865; type species (by subsequent designation) Loveridge 1957, Chamaeleo senegalensis Daudin 1802. Dilepis Gray 1865; type species Chamaeleon dilepis Leach 1819 (fide Tilbury in Tolley & Herrel 2014). 
EtymologyThe genus and species are named after Greek “khamai” = on the ground and “leon” = lion: ground lion. 
References
  • Ahl, E. 1927. Zur Kenntnis der Chamaeleontiden Madagaskars. Zool. Anz. 72: 47-48.
  • Al-Quran, S. 2009. The Herpetofauna of the Southern Jordan. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 6 (4): 385-391 [this journal has a dubious record, see http://goo.gl/81SBPv]
  • Aloufi, Abdulhadi A.; Zuhair S. Amr, Mohammad A. Abu Baker 2021. Reptiles and Amphibians of Al Madinah Al Munawwarah Province, Saudi Arabia. Russian Journal of Herpetology 28 (3): 1 - get paper here
  • Andersson, L.G. 1900. Catalogue of Linnean type-specimens of Linnaeus's Reptilia in the Royal Museum in Stockholm. [type catalogue] Bihang till Konglika Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens. Handlingar. Stockholm. (4) 26 (1): 1-29. - get paper here
  • Andrea Villa, Massimo Delfino 2019. A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 829–928 - get paper here
  • Andreone, F.; F. M. Angelici, P. Carlino, S. Tripepi & A. Crottini 2016. The common chameleon Chamaeleo chamaeleon in southern Italy: evidence for allochthony of populations in Apulia and Calabria (Reptilia: Squamata: Chamaeleonidae). Italian Journal of Zoology, DOI:10.1080/11250003.2016.1186236 - get paper here
  • Baha el Din, S. 2006. A guide to the reptiles and amphibians of Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo. xvi + 359 pp.
  • Baier, F.; Sparrow, D.J. & Wiedl, H.J. 2009. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Cyprus. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt/M., ca. 370 pp.
  • Bar, A., Haimovitch, G. and Meiri, S. 2021. Field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Israel. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt Am Main. ISBN 9783-89973-120-0 - get paper here
  • Bar, Aviad and Guy Haimovitch 2012. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Israel. Pazbar LTD, 246 pp. - get paper here
  • Baran, I., Kasparek, M., & Oz, M. 1988. On the occurrence and status of the chameleon, Chamaeleo chamaeleon, in Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East 2: 52-56. - get paper here
  • Barata, Mafalda; Ana Perera, D. James Harris, Arie van der Meijden, Salvador Carranza, Francisco Ceacero, Enrique García-Muñoz, Duarte Gonçalves, Sérgio Henriques, Fátima Jorge, Jonathan C. Marshall, Luis Pedrajas and Pedro Sousa 2011. New observations of amphibians and reptiles in Morocco, with a special emphasis on the eastern region. Herpetological Bulletin (116): 4 - get paper here
  • Basso R, Vannuccini M, Nerva L, Mazza G, Seno M, Mori E 2019. Multiple origin of the common chameleon in southern Italy. Herpetozoa 32: 11-19 - get paper here
  • Bauer, Aaron M.; Jonathan C. DeBoer , Dylan J. Taylor 2017. Atlas of the Reptiles of Libya. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 64 (8): 155-318 - get paper here
  • Berger-Dell'mour, H. 1986. Zur Herpetofauna des Golan [Syria]. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. in Wien (Ser. B) 87: 59-67. - get paper here
  • Berthold,A.A. 1840. Ueber verschiedene neue oder seltene Amphibienarten. Abh. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 1: 47-72 [1842 ?]
  • Bezaz, Y. I., Hadjab, R., Khammar, H., Redjaimia, L., & Saheb, M. 2021. First data on the diversity of the herpetofauna of the Oum El Bouaghi Region (Northeast of Algeria). Ecol. Env. & Cons. 27 (3): 983-989
  • Blasco, M. 1985. Introduccion al estudio de la biologia del camaleon comun, Chamaeleo chamaeleon (L.) (Reptilia, Chamaeleonidae) de la peninsula Iberica. Monografias I.Co.Na. 43: 5-14
  • Blasco, M., et al. 1985. El camaleon comun (Chamaeleo chamaeleon) en la Peninsula Iberica. Instit. Nac. para la Conserv. de la Naturaleza, Pesca y Alimentacion, Ministerio de Agric., Madrid, Monogr. 43 155 pp.
  • Blasco, M.;Romero, J.;Crespillo, E. 1985. los caracteres geograficos y ecologicos del camaleon comun, Chamaeleo chamaeleon (L.) (Reptilia, Chamaeleonidae) de la peninsula Iberica. Monografias I.Co.Na. 43: 15-44
  • Boettger, O. 1879. Reptilien und Amphibien aus Syrien. Ber. Senck. Naturf. Ges. naturf. Ges. 1878-1879: 57-84 - get paper here
  • Boettger, O. 1885. Liste der von Hrn. Dr. med. W. Kobelt in Algerien und Tunisien gesammelten Kriechtiere. In W. Kobelt (editor), Reiseerinnerungen aus Algerien und Tunis. Berichte der Senckenbergischen Naturforschungs Gesellschaft 1885: 452–475 - get paper here
  • Böhme, W. 1989. Neuer Nachweis von Chamaeleo chamaeleon (LINNAEUS 1758) vom Peloponnes, Griechenland. Herpetofauna 11 (59): 32-34 - get paper here
  • Bonetti, Mathilde 2002. 100 Sauri. Mondadori (Milano), 192 pp. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1887. List of reptiles and batrachians from Cyprus. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 20: 344-345 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, George A. 1891. Catalogue of the reptiles and batrachians of Barbary (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), based chiefly upon the notes and collections made in 1880-1884 by M. Fernand Lataste. Tr. Zool. Soc. 13: 93-164
  • Bozkurt, E., Ürker, O., & Elverici, M. 2022. An assessment of the herpetofauna of the Oriental Sweetgum forests in southwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Phyllomedusa 21(2): 125-139 - get paper here
  • Bringsoe, H. 2005. Oplev kamaeleoner, Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Portugal!. Nordisk Herpetologisk Forening 48: 34-46
  • Bruekers, J. 2003. Observaties aan de Gewone Kameleon (Chamaeleo chamaeleon) op Malta. Lacerta 61 (3): 114-117 - get paper here
  • CAMPBELL, PATRICK D; WOLFGANG DENZER 2020. Annotated catalogue of chameleon types in the collection of the Natural History Museum, UK (NHMUK) (Reptilia: Squamata: Chamaeleonidae). Zootaxa 4742 (3): 481–500 - get paper here
  • Chevalier, F. 2012. Geographic distribution: Chamaeleo chamaeleon (common chamaeleon). Herpetological Review 43: 305 - get paper here
  • Cornejo-Páramo, P., Lira-Noriega, A., Ramírez-Suástegui, C. et al. 2020. Sex determination systems in reptiles are related to ambient temperature but not to the level of climatic fluctuation. BMC Evol Biol 20: 103 - get paper here
  • Damhoureyeh, S.A.; Qarqaz, M.A.; Baker, M.A.; Himdan, N.; Eid, E. & Amr, Z.S. 2009. Reptiles and Amphibians in Dibbeen Nature Reserve, Jordan. Vertebrate Zoology 59 (2): 169 – 177
  • Daudin, F. M. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles, Vol. 4. F. Dufart, Paris, 397 pp. - get paper here
  • de Grijs,P. 1899. Notes on the faculty of changing colour in reptiles. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 3: 396-402 - get paper here
  • Díaz-Paniagua, C. 2007. Effect of cold temperature on the length of incubation of Chamaeleo chamaeleon. Amphibia-Reptilia 28: 387-392 - get paper here
  • Díaz-Paniagua, C. & M. Cuadrado 2003. Influence of incubation conditions on hatching success, embryo development and hatchling phenotype of common chameleon (Chamaeleo chamaeleon) eggs. Amphibia-Reptilia 24 (4): 429-440 - get paper here
  • Dimaki, Maria, Anna K. Hundsdörfer and Uwe Fritz. 2008. Eastern Mediterranean chameleons Chamaeleo chamaeleon, Ch. africanus are distinct. Amphibia-Reptilia 29 (4):535-540 - get paper here
  • Disi, A.M.; Modry, D.; Necas, P. & Rifai, L. 2001. Amphibians and reptiles of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 408 pp.
  • Disi, Ahmad M., Zuhair S. Amr and Harald Martens 2004. On a collection of amphibians and reptiles made by J. Klapperich in Jordan. Herpetozoa 16 (3/4):141-150 - get paper here
  • Duméril, A. M.C., G. BIBRON & A. DUMÉRIL 1854. Erpétologie générale ou Histoire Naturelle complète des Reptiles. Vol. 9. Paris, XX + 440 S. - get paper here
  • Duméril, A.M. C. and G. Bibron. 1836. Erpetologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol. 3. Libr. Encyclopédique Roret, Paris, 528 pp. - get paper here
  • Elbahi A, Lawton C, Oubrou W, El Bekkay M, Hermas J, Dugon M 2022. Reptile biodiversity in Souss-Massa National Park: an internationally important hotspot in the Mediterranean region. Biodiversity Data Journal 10: e79088 - get paper here
  • Engelmann, W.E. et al. 1993. Lurche und Kriechtiere Europas. Neumann Verlag (Radebeul, Germany), 440 pp.
  • Esterbauer, H. 1985. Zur Herpetofauna Südwestsyriens. Herpetofauna 7 (38): 23-34 - get paper here
  • Farfán, M.A., Fa, J.E., Martín-Taboada, A. et al. 2020. Lack of maintenance of motorway fences works against their intended purpose with potential negative impacts on protected species. Sci Rep 10: 791 (2020) - get paper here
  • FEJERVARY De, G.J. 1927. On a small collection of Reptiles from Morocco. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9) 20: 512-518 - get paper here
  • Fouda, Yosra A.; Ahmed A. El Mansi 2017. Skin pattern structure and function of juvenile ages of Chameleo chameleon. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences - get paper here
  • Gemel, R.; G. Gassner & S. Schweiger 2019. Katalog der Typen der Herpetologischen Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien – 2018. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 121: 33–248
  • Geniez, P.; Mateo, J.A.; Geniez, M. & Pether, J. 2004. The amphibians and reptiles of the Western Sahara (former Spanish Sahara) and adjacent regions. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 228 pp. [reviewed in Reptilia GB 44: 81]
  • Glandt, Dieter;Schlüpmann, Martin;Thiesmeier, Burkhard 1998. Herpetologische Beobachtungen in der Algarve, Südportugal. Zeitschrift für Feldherpetologie 5: 181-208 - get paper here
  • Glaw, F. 2015. Taxonomic checklist of chameleons (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae). [type catalogue] Vertebrate Zoology 65 (2): 167–246 - get paper here
  • Gray,J.E. 1865. Revision of the genera and species of Chamaeleonidae, with the description of some new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 15: 340-354 - get paper here
  • Hegner, D. 1997. Chamaeleo chamaeleon (LINNAEUS, 1758). Sauria 19 Suppl.: 403–408 - get paper here
  • Herwig, Lasse & Greta Herwig 2017. Besser als jeder Zoobesuch: Auf Chamäleonsuche in Portugal. Terraria-Elaphe 2017 (3): 50-52 - get paper here
  • Hillenius, D. 1978. Notes on chameleons. V. The chameleons of North Africa and adjacent countries, Chamaeleo chamaeleon (Linnaeus) (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae). Beaufortia 28: 37-55
  • Hoofien, J. H. 1964. Geographical variability in the common chamaeleon in Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 13: 136-138.
  • Hraoui-Bloquet, S.; Sadek, R.A.; Sindaco, R. & Venchi, A. 2002. The herpetofauna of Lebanon: new data on distribution. Zoology in the Middle East 27: 35-46 - get paper here
  • Ibrahim, Adel A. 2013. Some aspects of ecology of the Common Chameleon, Chamaeleo chamaeleon musae (Squamata: Chameleonidae) in northern Sinai, Egypt. Russ. J. Herpetol. 20 (3): 203-212 - get paper here
  • Ibrahim, Adel A. 2013. The Herpetology of the Suez Canal Zone, Egypt. Vertebrate Zoology 63 (1): 87–110 - get paper here
  • Ioannides, Y., Dimaki, M. & Dimitropoulos, A. 1994. The herpetofauna of Samos (Eastern Aegean, Greece). Ann. Musei Goulandris 9: 445-456
  • Jestrzemski, D. 2019. Reptilien in Israel - unterwegs in der Negev-Wüste. Elaphe 2019 (3): 40-49
  • JUNIUS-BOURDAIN, Fany 2006. CAMÉLÉONS : BIOLOGIE, ÉLEVAGE ET PRINCIPALES AFFECTIONS. Thesis, ÉCOLE NATIONALE VÉTÉRINAIRE D’ALFORT, 189 pp.
  • Kabisch, K. & Belter, H. 1968. Das Verzehren von Amphibien und Reptilien durch Vögel. Zoologische Abhandlungen aus dem Staatlichen Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden 29: 191-227
  • Kasapidis, Panagiotis;Provatidou, Sofia;Maragou, Panagiota;Valakos, Efstratios D. 1996. Neue Daten über die Herpetofauna von Lesbos (ägäische Inseln, Griechenland) und einige biogeographische Bemerkungen über die Inseln des nordöstlichen ägäischen Archipels. Salamandra 32 (3): 171-180 - get paper here
  • Kasparek, M. 1990. Zur Herpetofauna des Beckens von Köycegiz, Türkei (Dalyan-Region). Salamandra 26 (2-3): 155-164 - get paper here
  • Katz, Hadas Ketter, G. Katzir, A. Lustig and Rachel Ben-Shlomo. 2013. DNA extraction from the fecal sac of common chameleons, Chamaeleo chamaeleon. Herpetological Review 44 (2): 238-240 - get paper here
  • Keren-Rotem T, Roll U, Bouskila A, Geffen E. 2018. The contextual separation of lateral white line patterns in chameleons. R. Soc. open sci. 5: 171235 - get paper here
  • Klaver, C. J. J. 1981. Chamaeleo chamaeleon - Gewöhnliches Chamäleon. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Wiesbaden, pp. 218-238
  • Klaver, J.J. 1981. Chamaeleo chamaeleon - Gewöhnliches Chamäleon. In: Böhme,W. (ed.), Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas, Band I., Echsen I. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Wiesbaden, pp. 218-238
  • Kramer, Eugen 1979. Typenkatalog der Echsen im Naturhistorischen Museum Basel (BM), Stand 1978. [type catalogue] Revue Suisse de Zoologie 86 (1): 159-166 - get paper here
  • Kumlutas, Yusuf; Oz, Mehmet; Durmus, Hakan; Tunc, M. Rizvan; Ozdemir, Adem; Dusen, Serdar 2004. On some lizard species of the Western Taurus Range. Turkish Journal of Zoology 28:225-236 - get paper here
  • Kwet, A. 2010. Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart, 252 pp.
  • Kwet, Axel & Benny Trapp 2014. Liste der Reptilien Europas. Draco 15 (60): 72-79 - get paper here
  • Lantermann, W. & Lantermann, Y. 2011. Beobachtungen zur Herpetofauna von Nord-Malta und Gozo. Elaphe 19 (3): 56-63
  • Leptien, Rolf 2014. Auf der Suche nach Maltas Chamäleons. Draco 15 (58): 68-75 - get paper here
  • Linnaeus, C. [= Linné, C. von] 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ. 10th Edition: 824 pp. - get paper here
  • Loveridge, A. 1936. African reptiles and amphibians in the Field Museum of Natural History. Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Chicago, 22 (1): 1-122 - get paper here
  • Luef, Hans-Jürgen 2014. Wo das Europäische Chamäleon seinem Namen gerecht wird. Draco 15 (58): 60-67 - get paper here
  • Lutzmann, N. 2016. Chamäleons. Immer wieder Neues. Reptilia 21 (119): 16-24
  • Macey, J. Robert; Jennifer V. Kuehl, Allan Larson, Michael D. Robinson, Ismail H. Ugurtas, Natalia B. Ananjeva, Hafizur Rahman, Hamid Iqbal Javed, Ridwan Mohamed Osman, Ali Doumma, Theodore J. Papenfuss 2008. Socotra Island the forgotten fragment of Gondwana: Unmasking chameleon lizard history with complete mitochondrial genomic data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49 (3): 1015-1018 - get paper here
  • Malkmus, R. 1982. Beitrag zur Verbreitung der Amphibien und Reptilien in Portugal. Salamandra 18 (3-4): 218-299 - get paper here
  • Malkmus, R. 1995. Die Amphibien und Reptilien Portugals, Madeiras und der Azoren. Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei, Bd. 621. Westarp Wissenschaften (Magdeburg)/Spektrum Akademischer Verlag (Heidelberg)
  • Martínez del Mármol, Gabriel; D. James Harris, Philippe Geniez, Philip de Pous, and Daniele Salvi 2019. Amphibians and Reptiles of Morocco. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 478 pp - get paper here
  • Mediani, Mohamed; José Carlos Brito, Soumia Fahd 2015. Atlas of the amphibians and reptiles of northern Morocco: updated distribution and patterns of habitat selection. Basic and Applied Herpetology 29: - get paper here
  • Meiri, Shai; Amos Belmaker, Daniel Berkowic, Kesem Kazes, Erez Maza, Guy Bar-Oz and Roi Dor 2019. A checklist of Israeli land vertebrates. Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution - get paper here
  • Mellado, J., L. Gimenez, J.J. Gomez & M. Sanjuan 2001. El camaleon en Andalucia. Distribucion actual y amenazas para su supervivencia. Fundacion Alcalde Zoilo Ruiz-Mateos. Rota, Cadiz. 147 p. (ISBN: 8487960-31-6).
  • Mertens, R., and L. Müller. 1940. Liste der Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main. 451: 1-62 - get paper here
  • Meyer, F.A.A. 1795. Synopsis Reptilium, novam ipsorum sistens generum methodum, nec non Gottingensium huius ordinis animalium enumerationem. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen, 32 pp [for current names see Rösler & Böhme 2021] - get paper here
  • Miraldo, A. et al. 2005. DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION OF THE COMMON CHAMELEON, CHAMAELEO CHAMAELEON, IN ALGARVE, SOUTHERN PORTUGAL. ISRAEL JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 51: 157–164 - get paper here
  • Müller, J. 1996. Angaben über einige Amphibien - und Reptilienfunde in Jordanien. Sauria 18 (3): 3-10 - get paper here
  • Necas, Petr 1999. Chameleons - Nature's Hidden Jewels. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt; 348 pp.; ISBN 3-930612-04-6 (Europe)<br />ISBN 1-57524-137-4 (USA, Canada)
  • Pfau, J. 1988. Beitrag zur Verbreitung der Herpetofauna in der Niederalgarve (Portugal). Salamandra 24 (4): 258-275 - get paper here
  • Pola, L., Hejduk, V., Winkelhöfer, T., Zíka, A., Baker, M. A. A., & Amr, Z. S. 2020. Recent Observations on Amphibians and Reptiles in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Jordan Journal of Natural History, 7: 11-29 - get paper here
  • RIHANE, Abdeslam; Mohamed Salem HANE, Mohamed RADI, Abdellah BOUAZZA, Mohammed Aziz EL AGBANI & Abdeljebbar QNINBA 2020. Sur la présence du Caméléon commun Chamaeleo chamaeleon Linnaeus, 1758 (Sauria : Chamaeleonidae) à l’intérieur des terres, dans la Région de Laâyoune-Saquia Al Hamra (Sahara Atlantique Marocain) / On the inland presence of the common chameleon Bull. Soc. Herp. France 174: 39-44
  • Rösler, Herbert & Wolfgang Böhme 2021. Das Leben von Friedrich Albrecht Anton Meyer (1768 – 1795) und die Herpetologie in seinen Schriften, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der „Synopsis Reptilium“. Sekretär 21: 83-129
  • Ruiz, M. B. 1978. Situacion actual del camaleon comun, Chamaeleo chamaeleon L. en la provincia de Cadiz, Espana. Bol. Est. Centr. Ecologia 7: 87-90.
  • Schaefer, B.; Luef, H.-J. & Lutzmann, N. 2005. Chamaeleo chamaeleon in Portugal - Beobachtungen aus dem Jahr 2004. Elaphe 13 (3): 40-47
  • Schätti, B. & Gasperetti, J. 1994. A contribution to the herpetofauna of Southwest Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 14: 348-423
  • Schleich, H.H. 1987. Contributions to the herpetology of Kouf National Park (NE-Libya) and adjacent areas. Spixiana 10 (1): 37-80. - get paper here
  • Schleich, H.H., Kästle,W., Kabisch, K. 1996. Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa. Koeltz, Koenigstein, 627 pp.
  • Schlüter, Uwe 2010. Die Herpetofauna von Gozo, Comino und Satelliteninseln. Draco 11 (42): 26-33
  • Schmidt, W.; Tamm, K. & Wallikewitz, E. 2010. Chamäleons - Drachen unserer Zeit. Natur und Tier Verlag, 328 pp. [review in Reptilia 101: 64, 2013] - get paper here
  • Schneider, R. 2020. Fünffingerberg, Wirtelschwanzagamen und Meeresschildkröten - ein Streifzug durch die Herpetofauna von Nordzypern. Elaphe 2020 (4): 54-61
  • Sciberras, Arnold. 2007. The presence of Chamaeleo chamaeleon (Reptilia) on the Maltese islands, in a note on the occurrence on this species of Cominotto Island and its possible effects on the endemic local lizard. Herpetological Bulletin 102: 38-40 - get paper here
  • Sidhom, M. et al. 2020. Karyological characterization of the common chameleon (Chamaeleo chamaeleon) provides insights on the evolution and diversification of sex chromosomes in Chamaeleonidae. Zoology 125738 - get paper here
  • Sindaco R., Fedrighini, N. & VEnchi, A. 1995. Contribution to the herpetology of Jordan. Boll. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino 13 (1): 389-405
  • Sindaco, R. & Jeremcenko, V.K. 2008. The reptiles of the Western Palearctic. Edizioni Belvedere, Latina (Italy), 579 pp. - get paper here
  • Sindaco, Roberto; Alberto Venchi, Giuseppe M. Carpaneto, Marco A. Bologna 2000. The Reptiles of Anatolia: a Checklist and Zoogeographical analysis. Biogeographia, 21-2000: 441-554. - get paper here
  • Sindaco, Roberto; Riccardo Nincheri, Benedetto Lanza 2014. Catalogue of Arabian reptiles in the collections of the “La Specola” Museum, Florence. Scripta Herpetologica. Studies on Amphibians and Reptiles in honour of Benedetto Lanza: pp. 137-164 - get paper here
  • Spawls, Stephen; Tomáš Mazuch& Abubakr Mohammad 2023. Handbook of Amphibians and Reptiles of North-east Africa. Bloomsbury, 640 pp. - get paper here
  • Sperone, Emilio;Antonio Crescente,Elvira Brunelli, Giuseppe Paolillo, Sandro Tripepi 2010. Sightings and successful reproduction of allochthonous reptiles in Calabria. Acta Herpetologica 5 (2): 265-273 - get paper here
  • Speybroeck, Jeroen; Wouter Beukema, Christophe Dufresnes, Uwe Fritz, Daniel Jablonski, Petros Lymberakis, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Edoardo Razzetti, Melita Vamberger, Miguel Vences, Judit Vörös0, Pierre-André Crochet 2020. Species list of the European herpetofauna – 2020 update by the Taxonomic Committee of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica.. Amphibia-Reptilia 41: 139-189 - get paper here
  • Steindachner, F. 1901. Berichte der Comission für Oceanographische Forschungen. Expedition S. M. Schiff "Pola" in das Rothe Meer nördliche und südliche Hälfte. 1895/96 und 1897/98. Zoologische Ergebnisse. XVII. Bericht über die herpetologischen Aufsammlungen. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Wien, 69: 325-335 [1900]
  • Stejneger, Leonhard 1936. Types of the Amphibian and Reptilian Genera Proposed by Laurenti in 1768. Copeia 1936 (3): 133-141 - get paper here
  • Tilbury, C. 2010. Chameleons of Africa: An Atlas, Including the Chameleons of Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt M., 831 pp.
  • Tilbury, C. R. & Tolley, Krystal A. 2009. A re-appraisal of the systematics of the African genus Chamaeleo (Reptilia: Chamaeleonidae). Zootaxa 2079: 57–68 - get paper here
  • Tolley, K. & Herrel, A. (eds.) 2014. The biology of chameleons. University of California Press, 275 pp. - get paper here
  • Trape, J.F.; Trape, S. & Chirio, L. 2012. Lézards, crocodiles et tortues d'Afrique occidentale et du Sahara. IRD Orstom, 503 pp. - get paper here
  • Trutnau, L. 1975. Europäische Amphibien und Reptilien. Belser Verlag, Stuttgart 212 pp.
  • Turner, H.N. 1851. On the change of colour in a chamelean (Chamaeleo vulgaris). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1851: 203-205 - get paper here
  • Turner, H.N. 1853. On the change of colour in a chameleon (Chamaeleo vulgaris). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 12: 292-294 - get paper here
  • Wagner, Philipp; Aaron M. Bauer, Thomas M. Wilms, Mirko Barts, Wolfgang Böhme 2012. Miscellanea Accrodontia: Notes on Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Distribution. Russ. J. Herpetol. 19 (2): 177-189 - get paper here
  • Werner, F. 1936. Reptiles from Mount Troodos, Cyprus. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1936: 655-658 - get paper here
  • Werner, Y. L. 1971. Lizards and snakes from Transjordan, recently acquired by the British Museum (Natural Hisrory). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology21: 213-256. - get paper here
  • Yıldız MZ. 2020. Herpetofauna of Kilis Province (Southeast Anatolia, Turkey). Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 14(2) [General Section]: 145–156 (e242) - get paper here
 
External links  
Is it interesting? Share with others:


Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator