Chelonia mydas (LINNAEUS, 1758)

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Higher Taxa	Cheloniidae (Cheloniinae), Chelonioidea, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies
Common Names	E: Green Seaturtle, Green Turtle; agassizii: Black Sea Turtle G: Suppenschildkröte; agassizii: Schwarze Suppenschildkröte Croatian: zelena želva Chinese: 绿海龟 S: Tortuga Blanca de Mar Portuguese: Aruanã, Depeia, Falso-Carei, Jereba, Suçuarana, Tartaruga-Apedrês, Tartaruga-de-Sopa, Tartaruga-do-Mar, Tartaruga-Marinha, Tartaruga-Marinha-Comum, Tartaruga-Pedrês, Tartaruga-Verde, Uruanã Italian: tartaruga verde
Synonym	Testudo mydas LINNAEUS 1758: 197 Testudo macropus WALBAUM 1782 (nomen illegitimum) Testudo viridis SCHNEIDER 1783 Testudo japonica THUNBERG 1787: 178 Testudo marina vulgaris LACÉPÈDE 1788 (nomen subst. pro T. mydas L.) Testudo cepediana DAUDIN 1802 Testudo rugosa DAUDIN 1802 (non Testudo rugosa SHAW) Testudo mydas — SONNINI & LATREILLE 1802: 22 Testudo viridis — SONNINI & LATREILLE 1802: 48 Chelonia midas — LINK 1807 Chelonia mydas — SCHWEIGGER 1812 Chelonia virgata SCHWEIGGER 1812 Caretta esculenta MERREM 1820 Caretta cepedii MERREM 1820 (nomen subst. pro T. cepediana DAUDIN) Caretta thunbergi MERREM 1820 (nomen subst. pro T. japonica THUNBERG) Chelonia lachrymata CUVIER 1829 Chelonia castanea ESCHSCHOLTZ 1829: 11 Chelonia grisea ESCHSCHOLTZ 1829 Chelonia maculosa CUVIER 1829 Testudo Mydas — CUVIER 1831: 15 Chelonia mydas [var.] japonica, GRAY 1831 Chelonia bicarinata LESSON 1834 (in BÉLANGER) Chelonia Midas — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 538 Chelonia Virgata — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 541 Chelonia maculosa — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 544 Chelonia Marmorata DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 546 Chelonia viridis — SCHLEGEL et al. 1838: 18 Euchelus macropus GIRARD 1858 Chelonia formosa GIRARD 1858 Chelonia tenuis GIRARD 1858 Chelonia albiventer NARDO 1864 Chelonia virgata — GÜNTHER 1864: 53 Thalassiochelys albiventer — GÜNTHER 1865 (Zool. Rec. 1864: 148) Chelonia midas — BOCAGE 1866 (ex errore) Chelonia agassizii BOCOURT 1868 Chelonia mydas agassizi BOCOURT 1868 Chelonia agassizi BOCOURT 1868: 122 Mydas viridis GRAY 1870 Chelonia agassizii — GRAY 1873: 113 Chelonia virgata — MURRAY 1886: 11 Chelone virgata — BOULENGER 1887: 407 Chelonia lata PHILIPPI 1887 Chelone mydas — BOULENGER 1889: 180 Chelonia japonica — STEJNEGER 1907: 509 Natator tessellatus MCCULLOCH 1908: 127 Chelonia japonica — GARMAN 1908: 8 Chelonia japonica — STEJNEGER 1910 Chelonia virgata — BARBOUR 1918: 488 Chelonia mydas mydas — MERTENS & MÜLLER 1928 Chelonia mydas japonica — SHANNON 1956 Chelonia mydas carrinegra CALDWELL 1962 Chelonia mydas carrinegra — HARDY 1969 Chelonia mydas — STEBBINS 1985: 105 Chelonia mydas agassizii — STEBBINS 1985: 105 Chelonia mydas — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 120 Chelonia mydas — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 76 Chelonia mydas — ENGELMANN et al. 1993 Chelonia agassizii — LINER 1994 Chelonia mydas — GLAW & VENCES 1994: 229 Chelonia mydas — COGGER 2000: 180 Chelonia agassizzii [sic] — LEHR 2002: 201 Chelonia agassizii — BONIN et al 2006: 187 Chelonia mydas agassizii — FRITZ & HAVAS 2007 Chelonia mydas mydas — FRITZ & HAVAS 2007 Chelonia mydas japonica — PAWLOWSKI & KRÄMER 2008 Chelonia mydas — MATA-SILVA et al. 2015 Chelonia mydas — SPAWLS et al. 2018: Chelonia agassizii — KAWAZU et al. 2018 Chelonia mydas — TTWG 2021
Distribution	Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, chiefly in the tropics. Europe: Adriatic Sea (Croatia ?), Italy (occasional occurence [E. RAZZETTI, pers. comm.]) Turkey [Basoglu 1973], France, Portugal, Montenegro Indian Ocean: Madagascar, Comoro Islands (Grande Comore, Mohélim Anjouan, Mayotte), Chagos Archipelago Chinese Sea: Vietnam, Abkhazia Pacific: as far north as Alaska and in the Atlantic Ocean: as far north as Great Britain, Gambia Africa: Republic of South Africa, Mozambique, Tanzania, Egypt Sudan, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Ivory Coast Middle East: Iraq Australia (New South Wales?, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia), Nauru? Americas: Canada (British Columbia), USA (incl. New York, Texas), SE Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Baja California, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Jalisco, Guerrero, Nayarit, Sonora, Veracruz), Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia [Castro,F. (pers. comm.)], Brazil (Ceará, Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe, Piaui etc.), Argentina (Chubut etc.), Uruguay Asia: Korea, India (Gujarat, Kerala, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, China (Fujian), Singapore mydas: Atlantic Ocean agassizi: eastern Pacific Ocean, Galapagos Islands; Iran, Hawaii (USA) and Papua New Guinea; Type locality: "l'en bouchure du Nagualated, dans le Pacifique (Guatémala)" [Embayment of Río Nagualate, Guatemala] japonica: Indian and Western Pacific Ocean acording to the 1994 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals: EC/NE/NW/SE/SW/WC Atlantic, Indian Ocean eastern, Indian Ocean western, Mediterranean and Black Sea, EC/NW/SW/WC Pacific, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Brazil, British Indian Ocean Territory, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, Ghana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Liberia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mexico (Chiapas, etc.), Montserrat, Mozambique, Myanmar (= Burma), Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Niue, Northern Marianas, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Sao Tome & Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, St Helena, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent, Sudan, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, US Minor Pacific Islands, USA (Washington; Western Atlantic: Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida), United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Virgin Islands (British), Virgin Islands (US), Western Sahara, Western Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Namibia Type locality: “insulas Pelagi: insularum Adscensionis" [The Pelagie Islands and Ascencion Island]; restricted to Ascension Is., see Mertens, R. & Müller, L. (1928)
Reproduction	Oviparous. Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD, STANDORA & SPOTILA 1986, SARRE et al. 2004). FRITZ (1995) reports hybrids between between Chelonia mydas and Eretmochelys imbricata. Koo et al. (2014) report hybrids between Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta (see also NCBI taxID 2305479). Increasingly female-biased sex ratios are predicted in a warming climate (Hays et al. 2023).
Types	Syntypes: NRM (NHRM) 19, 26, and 231, according to Iverson (1992:84), not UUZM (= ZMUU = ZIUU) 20 as stated by Smith & Smith 1979: 269; Syntypes: lost, fide Flores-Villela et al. 2016 [Chelonia castanea] Syntypes: MNHN-RA 9537 is type of Chelonia agassizi so possible syntype; Syntypes: MNHN-RA 1871.0072 [now misplaced, according to Stuart, 1963]. Holotype stated to be MNHN 9537 by Iverson (1992:83) which is in accordance with MNHN catalogues (Bour 2006) [agassizi] Holotype: USNM 257184 [Chelonia tenuis] Holotype: USNM 257183 [Chelonia formosa]
Diagnosis	Additional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (1952 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details.
Comment	Some recent authors (e.g. E.A. Liner 1994) list Chelonia agassizii as a valid species. C. mydas japonica is listed as a synonym of C. mydas by FRITZ & HAVAS 2007. Habitat: marine. Conservation status: endangered; the species is potentially threatened by climate change as it has temperature-dependent sex determination. With increasing temperatures some populations already show a heavy bias towards being femaile only (Jensen et al. 2018). Genomics: this is one of the species selected by the Genome 10K consortium for complete genome sequencing and a draft genome has been published in 2013 (Wang et al. 2013). Type species: Testudo mydas LINNAEUS 1758: 197 is the type species of the genus Chelonia LATREILLE 1802: 22. Natator tessellatus MCCULLOCH 1908 is the type species of the genus Natator MCCULLOCH 1908. Synonymy: Chelonia mydas is a highly variable species, hence recent authors do not recognize subspecies any more. Distribution: see Bar et al. 2021 for a map.
Etymology	The name mydas is formed from the Greek word mydos (dampness) and refers to the aquatic habitat of this species. The genus name Chelonia is formed from the Greek word chelone (tortoise or turtle).
References	Aguilar-López JL, Luría-Manzano R, Pineda E, Canseco-Márquez L 2021. Selva Zoque, Mexico: an important Mesoamerican tropical region for reptile species diversity and conservation. ZooKeys 1054: 127-153 - get paper here Agyekumhene, Andrews; Prince Yankson, Leyna Stemle & Phil Allman 2021. Sea Turtle Nesting Activity in Ghana, West Africa. Chelonian Conservation and Biology Dec 2021 Vol. 20, No. 2: 273-280 - get paper here Al-Jaberi, Muhanad; Rasoul Karamiani, Khalid Al-Fartosi, Aref Shamkhi Jabber 2020. First record and range extension of the sea green turtle Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) (Testudines: Chelonidae) from Iraq. Herpetology Notes 13: 317-319 - get paper here Al-Mansi, A. M. A., O. A. Khushaim & M. M. H. Al- Marghani 1999. On the effect of substrate on nesting success of the Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas, in the Arabian Gulf. Zoology in the Middle East 19: 5 - get paper here Al-Mohanna, S. Y. & R. H. Meakins 2000. Recent records of marine turtles (Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta and Eretmochelys imbricata) in Kuwait. Zoology in the Middle East 20: 33 - get paper here Alison Rieser 2012. The case of the Green turtle: An uncensored history of a conservation icon. Johns hopkins university Press, Baltimore, xii + 338 pp., ISBN 9781421405797. - get paper here Anderson, Joel D.; Donna J. Shaver, and William J. Karel 2013. Genetic Diversity and Natal Origins of Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Western Gulf of Mexico. Journal of Herpetology Jun 2013, Vol. 47, No. 2: 251-257. - get paper here Andrés Cruz-Quintana, Vicente Guzmán-Hernández, María Amparo Rodríguez-Santiago, and Julio Canales-Delgadillo 2018. Blood Chemical Profiles and Symbiotic Relationships of Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) Nesting in Campeche, Mexico. Chelonian Conservation and Biology Jun 2018, Vol. 17, No. 1: 109-115. - get paper here Andrews, Laura C. St.; Sebastian Hoefer, Liberty Boyd, Frank V. Paladino & Nathan J. 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Ebanks 1984. Blood Cytology and Hematology of the Green Sea Turtle, Chelonia mydas Herpetologica 40 (3): 331-336. - get paper here Wood, F.E. & J.R. Wood 1982. Sex Ratios in Captive-Reared Green Turtles, Chelonia mydas Copeia 1982 (2): 482-485. - get paper here Wood, J.R., F.E. Wood & K. Critchley 1983. Hybridization of Chelonia mydas and Eretmochelys imbricata Copeia 1983 (3): 839-842. - get paper here Woolrich-Piña, Guillermo A, Paulino Ponce-Campos, Jesús Loc-Barragán, Juan Pablo Ramírez-Silva, Vicente Mata-Silva, Jerry D. Johnson, Elí García-Padilla and Larry David Wilson. 2016. The herpetofauna of Nayarit, Mexico: composition, distribution, and conservation status. Mesoamerican Herpetology 3 (2): 376-448 - get paper here WU, NICHOLAS C.; MOHD UZAIR RUSLI, ANNETTE C. BRODERICK, DIEGO R. BARNECHE & DEREK TITTENSOR. 2022. Size scaling of sea turtle reproduction may reconcile fundamental ecology and conservation strategies at the global scale. Global Ecology and Biogeography 31(7): 1277-1289. - get paper here Xavier, Raquel; Barata, Andre; Cortez, Leopoldo Palomo; Queiroz, Nuno; Cuevas, Eduardo 2006. Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata Linnaeus 1766) and green turtle (Chelonia mydas Linnaeus 1754) nesting activity (2002-2004) at El Cuyo beach, Mexico. Amphibia-Reptilia 27 (4): 539-547 - get paper here Yasuda, T., K. Kittiwattanawong, W. Klom-in & N. Arai 2008. Seasonal changes in reproductive output of a year-round nesting population of the green turtle Chelonia mydas at Huyong Island, Thailand Amphibia-Reptilia, 29(4): 559-566. - get paper here Ye, Mingbin; Hualing Chen, Manwen Li, Jinxia Duan, and Pipeng Li 2020. Observations on the Courtship and Mating Behavior of Captive Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas). Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 15 (2): - get paper here YILMAZ, CAN & AYŞE ORUÇ. 2022. Sex ratio estimation for Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas, hatchlings at Akyatan Beach, Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East 2022: 1–9. - get paper here Yılmaz, Can; Oruç, Ayşe; Türkozan, Oğuz 2015. Marine turtles (Chelonia mydas and Caretta caretta) nesting along the eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey: Results from six years of surveying. The Herpetological Journal 25 (4): 197-204 - get paper here Zaher, Hussam; Fausto Erritto BarboI; Paola Sanchez Martínez; Cristiano Nogueira; Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues; Ricardo Jannini Sawaya 2011. Répteis do Estado de São Paulo: conhecimento atual e perspectivas. Biota Neotropica, 11 (1): 1–15. - get paper here Zárate, Patricia M.; Karen A. Bjorndal, Jeffrey A. Seminoff, Peter H. Dutton, and A. B. Bolten 2015. Somatic Growth Rates of Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbills (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Galápagos Islands. Journal of Herpetology Dec 2015, Vol. 49, No. 4: 641-648. - get paper here Zimmerman, Linda C.; andC. Richard Tracy 1989. Interactions between the Environment and Ectothermy and Herbivory in Reptiles. 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External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information https://genome10k.soe.ucsc.edu/sites/default/files/BGI-G10K_106_species… http://www.amonline.net.au/herpetology/research/pdf/cheloniidae.pdf http://www.kingsnake.com/oz/turtles/turtles.htm http://www.algonet.se/~herp/files.htm (movie!) http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/users/cor/reptilia.html http://www.tortoise.org/archives/green.html http://www.arod.com.au/arod/reptilia/Testudines/Cheloniidae/Chelonia/mydas http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/reptiles/chemyd.html photos: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b80290bee1759a50e3a86b3/t… https://bioweb.bio/faunaweb/reptiliaweb/FichaEspecie/Chelonia%20mydas Google images

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