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Chelonoidis carbonarius (SPIX, 1824)

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Higher TaxaTestudinidae, Testudinoidea, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Red-footed Tortoise
G: Köhlerschildkröte
Portuguese: Jaboti, Jabuti, Jabuti-Piranga, Jabuti-Vermelho 
SynonymTestudo carbonaria SPIX 1824
Testudo boiei WAGLER 1830
Geochelone (Chelonoidis) boiei — FITZINGER 1835
Geochelone (Chelonoidis) tabulata — FITZINGER 1835 (partim)
Testudo carbonaria — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 99
Testudo carbonaria — BELL 1836-1842
Testudo (Chelonoidis) boiei — TSCHUDI 1845
Testudo Carbonaria — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 220
Testudo tabulata — BOULENGER 1889 (partim)
Geochelone carbonaria — WILLIAMS 1960
Testudo carbonaria — WERMUTH & MERTENS 1961
Geochelone (Chelonoidis) carbonaria — PRITCHARD 1967
Testudo (Chelonoidis) carbonaria — WERMUTH & MERTENS 1977
Chelonoidis carbonaria — BOUR 1980
Geochelone carbonaria — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 253
Geochelone carbonaria — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 169
Chelonoidis carbonaria — CEI 1993
Geochelone atlantica LÓPEZ-JURADO et al. 1998
Geochelone carbonaria — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999
Geochelone carbonaria — ZIEGLER et al. 2002
Chelonoidis carbonaria — MCCORD & JOSEPH-OUNI 2004
Chelonoidis carbonaria — LE et al. 2006
Geochelone carbonaria — DALTRY 2007
Chelonoidis carbonaria — MCNISH 2011
Chelonoidis carbonaria — TTWG 2014
Chelonoidis carbonarius — OLSON & DAVID 2014
Chelonoidis carbonarius — TTWG 2017: 123
Chelonoidis carbonarius — TTWG 2021 
DistributionNicaragua (Great Corn Island and mainland locations), SE Panama, Colombia (west of the Andes in Choco), east of the Andes in E Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, E Brazil (south to Rio de Janeiro; seems absent from almost all but the eastern parts of the Amazon Basin: Rio Grande do Sul, Goias, Espírito Santo, Ceará, Bahia, Sergipe, Piaui etc.), Peru, E Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina, Trinidad, Virgin Islands (St. Croix); introduced to a number of Carribean Islands (incl. Providencia, Grenadine islands, St. Kitts)

Type locality: "Habitat sub cognomine "Capitary" (?) ad flumen Amazonum," South America (cited in KING & BURKE 1989).  
Reproductionoviparous. Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD)mechanism with females produced at, or above, 29°C. 
TypesLectotype: iconotype, Hoogmoed and Gruber (1983:354), selected as lectotype plate XVI of Spix 1824. Holotype: orignally ZSM, now lost. 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (1935 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSynonymy modified after CEI 1993.

Hybridization: FRITZ (1995) reports hybrids between Geochelone radiata and G. carbonaria.

Daniel O’Malley (e-mail as of 12 June 2009) thinks that Chelonoidis_carbonaria4.jpg is actually C. denticulata.

Type species: Testudo boiei WAGLER 1833 is the type species of the genus Chelonoidis FITZINGER 1835: 112, 122 (see also FITZINGER 1843).

Nomenclature: The gender of this genus is masculine, contrary to previous belief (OLSON & DAVID 2014).

Phylogenetics: for a phylogenetic tree of the species in the genus see Pereira et al. 2017.

Distribution: the genus seems to have an African origin, given its close relationship with Geochelone and Kinixys (Selvatti et al. 2023).

Extinct species: Chelonoidis sombrerensis, the Sombrero Giant Tortoise, apparently has gone extinct and is only known from subfossil remains. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin carbonarius, a, um, ‘relating to coal’.

The genus name is derived from Greek “chelonos” = turtle. 
References
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