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Chilorhinophis butleri WERNER, 1907

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Higher TaxaAtractaspididae (Aparallactinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Butler's Two-headed Snake
carpenteri: Mozambique Two-headed Snake
liwalensis: Eastern Tanganyika Two-headed Snake, Liwale Two-headed Snake 
SynonymChilorhinophis butleri WERNER 1907
Parkerophis carpenteri PARKER 1927: 85
Chilorhinophis butleri — DE WITTE & LAURENT 1947: 56
Chilorhinophis carpenteri — DE WITTE & LAURENT 1947: 57
Chilorhinophis carpenteri liwalensis LOVERIDGE 1951
Chilorhinophis carpenteri liwalensis — LOVERIDGE 1958
Chilorhinophis butleri — LOVERIDGE 1958:
Chilorhinophis butleri carpenteri — BROADLEY & HOWELL 1991: 29
Chilorhinophis carpenteri — WELCH 1994: 43
Chilorhinophis butleri — WELCH 1994: 43
Chilorhinophis butleri — WALLACH et al. 2014: 157
Chilorhinophis butleri — SPAWLS et al. 2018: 465 
DistributionRepublic of South Sudan (RSS), Tanzania, Mozambique, Uganda ?, Kenya ?, Rwanda ?, Burundi ?

Type locality: from Mongalla in the southern Sudan (fide D. BROADLEY, pers. comm.).

carpenteri: Mozambique; Type locality: Anquabe = Ancuabe, Mozambique.

liwalensis: S Tanzania; Type locality: Liwale, Southern Province, Tanzania.  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: NMW 14729 (NHM Wien)
Holotype: BMNH [carpenteri]
Holotype: MCZ 50076 [liwalensis] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (2781 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous!

Known only from the type.

According to the Zoological Record WERNER didn’t describe any snake in 1907 that is named like Chilorhinophis butleri.

Subspecies: Chilorhinophis butleri carpenteri is treated here as a valid species.

Synonymy: Battersby placed Parkerophis carpenteri Parker 1927, described from northern Mozambique, as a synonym of C. butleri, but Loveridge (1958) disagreed and recognised a subspecies C. carpenteri liwalensis from southeastern Tanzania.

Type species: Chilorhinophis butleri WERNER 1907 is the type species of the genus Chilorhinophis WERNER 1907.

Phylogenetics: see Portillo et al. 2018 for a phylogenetic analysis of members of Aparallactinae, inlcuding members of Chilorhinophis.

Definition of genus in LOVERIDGE 1958: 168. 
EtymologyNamed after Arthur Lennox Butler (1873-1939), a zoologist, curator at the Selangor Museum, Malaya, and later Superintendent of Game Preservation in Sudan. 
References
  • Battersby,J.C. 1950. A new amphisbaenid lizard from Tanganika territory and notes on the rare snake Chilorhinophis. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (12) 3: 413-417 - get paper here
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • Broadley, D. G. & HOWELL, K. M. 1991. A check list of the reptiles of Tanzania, with synoptic keys. Syntarsus 1: 1—70
  • Gemel, R.; G. Gassner & S. Schweiger 2019. Katalog der Typen der Herpetologischen Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien – 2018. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 121: 33–248
  • Loveridge, A. 1951. On reptiles and amphibians from Tanganyika Territory collected by C.J.P. Ionides. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harvard 106 (4): 175- 204. - get paper here
  • Loveridge,A. 1958. Revision of five african snake genera. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 119: 1-198 (141) - get paper here
  • Parker, H.W. 1927. Parallel evolution in some opisthoglyphous snakes, with the description of a new species. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 20: 81-86 - get paper here
  • Portillo, F., Branch, W.R., Conradie, W., Rödel, M-O., Penner, J., Barej, M.F., Kusamba, C., Muninga, W.M., Aristote, M.M., Bauer, A.M., Trape, J-F., Nagy, Z.T., Carlino, P., Pauwels, O.S.G., Menegon, M., Burger, M., Mazuch, T., Jackson, K., Hughes, 2018. Phylogeny and biogeography of the African burrowing snake subfamily Aparallactinae (Squamata: Lamprophiidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution - get paper here
  • Spawls, S.; Howell, K.; Drewes, R.C. & Ashe, J. 2002. A field guide to the reptiles of East Africa. Academic Press, 543 pp. [reviews in HR 34: 396 and Afr. J. Herp. 51; 147] - get paper here
  • Spawls, Stephen; Tomáš Mazuch & Abubakr Mohammad 2023. Handbook of Amphibians and Reptiles of North-east Africa. Bloomsbury, 640 pp. - get paper here
  • Spawls, Steve; Kim Howell, Harald Hinkel, Michele Menegon 2018. Field Guide to East African Reptiles. Bloomsbury, 624 pp. - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Werner, F. 1908. Ergebnisse der mit Subvention aus der Erbschaft Treitl unternommenen zoologischen Forschungsreise Dr. Franz Werner's nach nach dem Ägyptischen Sudan und Norduganda. XII. die Reptilien und Amphibien. [Mabuia mongallensis, Leptodira attarensis]. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 116 [1907]: 1823-1926 - get paper here
  • Witte, G. F. de & LAURENT,R.F. 1947. Revision d'un groupe de Colubridae africains: genres Calamelaps, Miodon, Aparallactus, et formes affines. Mém. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique (sér. 2) 29: 1-134
 
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