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Chironius quadricarinatus (BOIE, 1827)

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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Central Sipo
Portuguese: Capitã-do-Campo, Capitão-do-Campo, Cobra-Cipó, Cobra-Cipó-Marrom, Cobra-Espada, Corre-Campo, Sacaiboia 
SynonymNatrix cinnamomea WAGLER 1824: 20
Erpetodryas 4dricarinatus BOIE 1827: 548
Phyllosira flavescens COPE 1862: 349
Herpetodryas sexcarinatus — BOULENGER 1894: 72
Chironius sexcarinatus — BOULENGER 1894: 346
Chironius sexcarinatus — SERIÉ 1936
Chironius quadricarinatus — BAILEY 1955: 15
Pseustes sexcarinatus — HOGE 1960: 27
Pseustes sexcarinatus — HOGE 1964
Chironius carinatus — HOGE 1964: 53
Chironius cinnamomeus — HOGE 1964: 53
Chironius cinnamomeus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 59
Chironius quadricarinatus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 61
Pseustes sexcarinatus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970
Pseustes sexcarinatus — HOOEGMOED & GRUBER 1983
Pseustes sexcarinatus — CEI 1993
Pseustes cinnamomeus — DIXON et al. 1993 (fide HAGEDORN, pers. comm.)
Chironius quadricarinatus — LEYNAUD & BUCHER 1999: 16
Chironius cinnamomeus — CLAESSEN 2003
Chironius cinnamoneus — TIPTON 2005 (in error)
Chironius quadricarinatus — HOLLIS 2006
Phrynonax sexcarinatus — JADIN et al. 2013 (by implication)
Chironius quadricarinatus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 162
Pseustes sexcarinatus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 612
Chironius quadricarinatus — TORRES-CARVAJAL et al. 2018
Chironius quadricarinatus — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019
Chironius quadricarinatus — BERNAL & DUBOIS 2023 
DistributionBrazil (Campos Cerrados of Estados Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Bahia, and Goias, Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro), Paraguay, C Bolivia (one specimen).

Type locality: not given in original description; restricted to Asuncion, Paraguay by BAILEY 1955.

sexcarinatus: Brazil ? (Para?); Type locality: “Habitat rarus ad fl umen Amazonum” [Brazil, Rio Amazonas] according to the original description and Vanzolini (1981).

cinnamomeus: Suriname, Brazil (Amazonas), Colombia [Castro, pers. comm.], Venezuela (Monagas); Type locality: “Habitat in sylvis fl umini Amazonum confi nibus” [Brazil, Rio Amazonas] according to the original description and Vanzolini (1981).  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: RMNH 605
Types: lost fide HOOGMOED & GRUBER 1983, collected by Spix and Martius expedition to Brazil, 1817-1820 [Natrix cinnamomea]
Holotype: USNM 5813 [Phyllosira flavescens] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (quadricarinatus). Dorsals in 12 rows at midbody; head and neck reddish brown; body anteriorly bluish gray changing before mid-body to reddish brown; usually more than 2 dorsal rows keeled; usually 2 posterior temporals and most frequently 8 upper labials; maxillary teeth 26-32 [from BAILEY 1955]. It also has 141-161 ventrals, no vetral stripe etc. [added by DIXON, WIEST & CEI 1993: 178]. 
CommentSynonymy mostly after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970 and Dixon et al. 1993. Natrix sexcarinata Wagler (1824) has been considered a synonym of C. quadricarinatus but was revalidated by Lopes & Passos 2023 and thus removed from the synonymy of quadricarinatus. See Lopes & Passos 2023 for a detailed (historical) discussion. Boulenger 1894: 72 considered Pseustes cinnamomeus as a synonym of Herpetodryas sexcarinatus. Pseustes cinnamomeus has been considered as a junior synonym of Chironius scurrulus (fide Dixon et al 1993) although its identity remains unclear. Natrix cinnamomea is listed as species inquirenda by WALLACH et al. 2014, similar to HOOGMOED & GRUBER 1983 who considered it as a nomen dubium.

Distribution: See map in Nogueira et al. 2019.

Habitat: partly arboreal (Harrington et al. 2018). 
EtymologyNamed after Latin “quadri-” (= four) and “carina” = keel, alludes to the high number of keeled dorsal scale rows in this species. 
References
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