You are here » home advanced search Chlorosoma viridissimum

Chlorosoma viridissimum (LINNAEUS, 1758)

Can you confirm these amateur observations of Chlorosoma viridissimum?

Add your own observation of
Chlorosoma viridissimum »

Find more photos by Google images search: Google images

Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Common Green Racer
Portuguese: Boiobi, Boiubu, Cobra-Cipó, Cobra-Cipó-Verde, Cobra-Papagaio, Cobra-Verde, Papagaia, Tucanaboia 
SynonymColuber viridissimus LINNAEUS 1758: 226
Coluber ianthinus DAUDIN 1803: 273
? Dryophylax viridissimus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 1106
Philodryas crassifrons COPE 1861 (?)
Philodryas viridissimus — WUCHERER 1862: 254
Philodryas crassifrons — BOETTGER 1885: 235
Philodryas viridissimus — BOULENGER 1896: 129
Philodryas affinis MÜLLER 1928: 77
Philodryas viridissimus — BEEBE 1946: 38
Philodryas viridissimus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 245
Philodryas viridissimus — GASC & RODRIGUES 1980
Philodryas viridissimus — STARACE 1998: 315
Philodryas viridissimus — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999
Philodryas viridissima — HAMDAN et al. 2012
Philodryas viridissimus — RIVAS et al. 2012
Philodryas viridissima — GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012
Philodryas viridissimus — CATENAZZI et al. 2013
Philodryas viridissima — WALLACH et al. 2014: 553
Philodryas viridissima — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019
Chlorosoma viridissimum — ARREDONDO et al. 2020
Chlorosoma viridissimum — MELO-SAMPAIO et al. 2020 
DistributionBrazil (Amazonas, Bahia, Roraima, Acre, Pará), S Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru,
Colombia, Ecuador

Type locality: “Surinamei”  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesType: unknown fide PETERS 1960.
Holotype: ANSP 5529; Cayenne [crassifrons]
Holotype: ZSM 8/1928 (lost), male [Philodryas affinis] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): (putative apomorphies followed by ‘*’): head, body, and tail uniformly green, except for the gular region and anteriormost ventrals being white coloured (yellow in life in the C. laticeps; Fig. 3)*; lack of well-defined longitudinal rows of large and deep body calyces on the distal half of the asulcate surface of the hemipenial body*; lateral enlarged spines reduced to middle sized spines; distal rows of middle sized spines disposed in a typical “V-shape” configuration on the asulcate surface of the hemipenial body; * diameter of the half portion of the hemipenes larger than both proximal and distal extremities (Zaher et al. 2008); dorsal scale rows reducing anterior-posteriorly from 19 to 17 to 13e11; high number of ventral scales (204e218); body with slight lateral compression more pronounced in the extremities and belly laterally angulated (MELO-SAMPAIO et al. 2020).


Additional details (550 characters) are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous!

Synonymy: after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970 and PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1986.

Distribution: Reported from but not in Paraguay (fide Cacciali et al. 2016). See map in Nogueira et al. 2019.

Habitat: fully arboreal (Harrington et al. 2018).

Type species: Coluber viridissimus LINNAEUS 1758: 226 is the type species of the genus Chlorosoma WAGLER 1830. Note that Arredondo et al. 2020 and Melo-Sampaio et al. 2020 revalidated Chlorosoma almost at the same time. However, the former was published on 20 Oct 2020 while the latter was published 2 weeks later on 4 Nov 2020. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin viridis, green, or here “most green”.

The genus name is a combination of the Greek words Chloros‐ (adjective, χλωρός, meaning “bright green”) and ‐soma (noun, σῶμα, meaning “body”), in reference to the overall bright green coloration of the body in these species. The gender of the name Chlorosoma is grammatically neuter (Amaral 1929a, b, c, 1932) since the meaning given by Wagler (1830) was of a “green snake.” The genus name is neuter. 
References
  • Almendariz, A. 1991. Anfibios y Reptiles [del Ecuador]. Rev. Politecnica. XVI (3): 89-162.
  • Arredondo, J. C., Grazziotin, F. G., Manfrini, G. J. S., Rodrigues, M. T. U., Bonatto, S. L., & Zaher, H. E. D. 2020. Molecular phylogeny of the tribe Philodryadini Cope, 1886 (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae): Rediscovering the diversity of the South American Racers. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 60, e20206053-e20206053 - get paper here
  • Avila-Pires, Teresa C.S.; Kleiton R. Alves-Silva, Laís Barbosa, Fabrício S. Correa, Jorge F. A. Cosenza, Ana Paula V. Costa-Rodrigues, Aurea A. Cronemberger, Marinus S. Hoogmoed, Geraldo R. Lima-Filho, Adriano O. Maciel, Alexandre F. R. Missassi, Lyw 2018. Changes in Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Over Time in Parque Estadual do Utinga, a Protected Area Surrounded by Urbanization. Herpetology Notes 11: 499-512 - get paper here
  • Beebe, William 1946. Field notes on the snakes of Kartabo, British Guiana, and Caripito, Venezuela. Zoologica 31: 11-52 - get paper here
  • BERNARDE, P.S., ALBUQUERQUE, S., BARROS, T.O. & TURCI, L.C.B. 2012. Serpentes do Estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 12 (3): 1-29 - get paper here
  • Boettger, O. 1885. Liste von Reptilien und Batrachiern aus Paraguay. Zeitschr. Naturw. 58 (3): 213-248 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1896. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum, Vol. 3. London (Taylor & Francis), xiv + 727 pp. - get paper here
  • CATENAZZI, A., LEHR, E. & VON MAY, R. 2013. The amphibians and reptiles of Manu National Park and its buffer zone, Amazon basin and eastern slopes of the Andes, Peru. Biota Neotropica 13 (4): 269-283
  • Chávez-Arribasplata, Juan C.; Carlos E. Almora 2, Juan J. Pellón, and Pablo J. Venegas 2016. Bat consumption by Philodryas viridissima (Serpentes: Colubridae) in the Amazon Basin of southeastern Peru. Phyllomedusa 15 (2): 195-197 - get paper here
  • Claessen, H. 2003. De slangen van de Guyanas Deel VII. Lacerta 61 (6): 221-234 - get paper here
  • Cole, Charles J.; Carol R. Townsend, Robert P. Reynolds, Ross D. MacCulloch, and Amy Lathrop 2013. Amphibians and reptiles of Guyana, South America: illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 125 (4): 317-578; plates: 580-620 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1861. Catalogue of the Colubrids in the museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Part 3. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 12 [1860]: 553-566 - get paper here
  • Daudin, F. M. 1803. Histoire Naturelle Generale et Particuliere des Reptiles. Vol. 6. F. Dufart, Paris, 447 pp. - get paper here
  • Dowling, Herndon Glenn 1969. The hemipenis of Philodryas Günther: a correction (Serpentes, Colubridae). American Museum Novitates (2375): 1-6 - get paper here
  • Duellman, W. E. 2005. Cusco Amazónico: The Lives of Amphibians and Reptiles in an Amazonian Rainforest. Comstock Pub Assoc.
  • Duellman, W.E., & Salas, A.W. 1991. Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Cuzco Amazonico, Peru. Occas. Papers Mus. of Natur. Hist., Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence (143): 13 pp. - get paper here
  • Duméril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. & DUMÉRIL, A. H. A., 1854. Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. Deuxième partie, comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux. Paris, Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret: i-xii + 781-1536 - get paper here
  • Entiauspe-Neto, Omar Machado; Arthur Diesel Abegg, Anderson Maciel Rocha, Daniel Loebmann 2018. Connect the dots: Filling distribution gaps of Philodryas viridissima (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) in Brazil, with a new state record to Roraima. Herpetology Notes 11: 697-702 - get paper here
  • Ferrão, M., Soares-Filho, J.A.R. & Oliveira, M. 2012. Checklist of reptiles (Testudines, Squamata) from Alto Alegre dos Parecis, southwestern Amazonia, Brazil. Herpetology Notes, 5: 473-480 - get paper here
  • Fowler, I.R.; Salomao, M.D. 1995. A new technique to distinguish between immature and adult snakes and between males and females in six species of the neotropical colubrid snakes Philodryas. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 30 (3): 149-157 - get paper here
  • Fraga, R., Lima, A. P., Prudente, A. L. C., & Magnusson, W. E. 2013. Guia de cobras da região de Manaus – Amazônia Central. Manaus: INPA - get paper here
  • Freitas, M.A.; D.P.F. França; P.S. Bernarde. 2012. Squamata, Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Philodryas viridissima (Linnaeus, 1758): First record in the state of Acre, northern Brazil. Check List 8(2):258-259 - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco Antonio de; Daniella Pereira Fagundes de França and Paulo Sérgio Bernarde 2012. Squamata, Serpentes, Dipsadidae, Philodryas viridissima (Linnaeus, 1758): First record in the state of Acre, northern Brazil. Check List 8(2): 258-259 - get paper here
  • Frota, J.G. da; Pedroso dos Santos-Jr, Alfredo; Menezes-Chalkidis, H. de & Guimarães Guedes, A. 2005. AS SERPENTES DA REGIÃO DO BAIXO RIO AMAZONAS, OESTE DO ESTADO DO PARÁ, BRASIL (SQUAMATA). Biociências 13 (2): 211-220 - get paper here
  • Gasc & Rodrigues 1980. Liste preliminaire des Serpents de la Guyane francaise. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 2 (4): 559-598
  • Gius, O. 2019. Die Schlangenhaut – ein Multifunktionsorgan. Reptilia (Münster) 24 (136): 52-57 - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Gorzula, Stefan & Senaris, J. Celsa 1999. In: Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana. I: a data base. Scientia Guaianae, Caracas, No. 8 [1998], 269+ pp.; ISBN 980-6020-48-0
  • Grazziotin, Felipe G.; Hussam Zaher, Robert W. Murphy, Gustavo Scrocchi, Marco A. Benavides, Ya-Ping Zhang and Sandro L. Bonatto 2012. Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal. Cladistics DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x - get paper here
  • Hamdan, B. & R. M. Lira-da-Silva 2012. The snakes of Bahia State, northeastern Brazil: species richness, composition and biogeographical notes. Salamandra 48 (1): 31-50 - get paper here
  • Harrington, Sean M; Jordyn M de Haan, Lindsey Shapiro, Sara Ruane 2018. Habits and characteristics of arboreal snakes worldwide: arboreality constrains body size but does not affect lineage diversification. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 125 (1): 61–71 - get paper here
  • Hohmeister, A. 1999. Bemerkungen zur Biologie und Pflege südamerikanischer Strauchnattern der Gattung Philodryas Wagler, 1830 im Terrarium. Sauria 21 (2): 9-21 - get paper here
  • Jorge, R F & Simões, P I; 2018. Philodryas viridissima (Common Green Racer) Diet. Herpetological Review 49 (4): 761-762 - get paper here
  • Lancini,A.R. & Kornacker,P.M. 1989. Die Schlangen von Venezuela. Armitano Editores C.A., Caracas, 1-381
  • Lehr, E. 2002. Amphibien und Reptilien in Peru. Natur und Tier-Verlag (Münster), 208 pp. - get paper here
  • Linnaeus, C. [= Linné, C. von] 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ. 10th Edition: 824 pp. - get paper here
  • Marques, Otavio V.;Franco, Francisco L. 1998. Geographic Distribution. Philodryas viridissimus. Herpetological Review 29 (1): 54 - get paper here
  • Medina-Rangel, Guido Fabian; Miguel Á. Méndez-Galeano &<br>Martha Lucía Calderón-Espinosa 2019. Herpetofauna of San José del Guaviare, Guaviare, Colombia Biota Colombiana 20 (1): 75-90 - get paper here
  • Melo-Sampaio, P. R., Passos, P., Martins, A. R., Moura-leite, J. C., Morato, S. A., Venegas, P. J., Chávez G., Venâncio N.M. & De Souza, M. B. 2020. A phantom on the trees: integrative taxonomy supports a reappraisal of rear-fanged snakes classification (Dipsadidae: Philodryadini). Zoologischer Anzeiger 290: 19-39 [dated 2021 in print version, but 2020 published online] - get paper here
  • Morato, S.A.A.; Calixto, P.O.; Mendes, L.R.; Gomes, R.; Galatti, U.; Trein, F.L.; Oliveira, F.S.; Ferreira, G.N. 2014. Guia fotográfico de identificação da herpetofauna da Floresta Nacional de Saracá-Taquera, Estado do Pará. Curitiba: STCP Engenharia de Projetos Ltda.; Porto Trombetas: MRN – Mineração Rio do Norte S.A.; 213 p. - get paper here
  • Morato, Sérgio Augusto Abrahão; Guilherme Nunes Ferreira; Michela Rossane Cavilha Scupino (eds.) 2018. Herpetofauna da Amazônia Central: Estudos na FLONA de Saracá-Taquera. Curitiba, Pr: STCP Engenharia de Projetos Ltda.; Porto Trombetas, Pa: MRN – Mineração Rio do Norte S.A., 2018.<br>210p. - get paper here
  • Müller, L. 1928. Herpetologische Mitteilungen. Zool. Anz. 77: 61-84
  • Natera-Mumaw, M.; Diasparra, J.P.; Jiménez, D. 2008. DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR IN PHILODRYAS VIRIDISSIMA (LINNAEUS, 1758). Herpetotropicos 4 (1): 40 - get paper here
  • Natera-Mumaw, Marco; Luis Felipe Esqueda-González & Manuel Castelaín-Fernández 2015. Atlas Serpientes de Venezuela. Santiago de Chile, Dimacofi Negocios Avanzados S.A., 456 pp. - get paper here
  • Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Antonio J.S. Argôlo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Josué A. Azevedo, Fausto E. Barbo, Renato S. Bérnils, Bruna E. Bolochio, Marcio Borges-Martins, Marcela Brasil-Godinho, Henrique Braz, Marcus A. Buononato, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American J. Herp. 14 (Special Issue 1):1-274 - get paper here
  • Pérez-Santos,C. & Moreno, A.G. 1988. Ofidios de Colombia. Museo reegionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Monographie VI, 517 pp.
  • Peters , J. A. 1960. The snakes of Ecuador; check list and key. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 122: 489-541 - get paper here
  • Peters, James A.; Donoso-Barros, Roberto & Orejas-Miranda, Braulio 1970. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata: Part I Snakes. Bull. US Natl. Mus. 297: 347 pp. - get paper here
  • Rabosky, Daniel L.; Rudolf von May, Michael C. Grundler and Alison R. Davis Rabosky 2019. The Western Amazonian Richness Gradient for Squamate Reptiles: Are There Really Fewer Snakes and Lizards in Southwestern Amazonian Lowlands? Diversity 11: 199; doi:10.3390/d11100199 - get paper here
  • RIVAS, GILSON A.; CÉSAR R. MOLINA, GABRIEL N. UGUETO, TITO R. BARROS, CÉSAR L. BAR- RIO-AMORÓS & PHILIPPE J. R. KOK 2012. Reptiles of Venezuela: an updated and commented checklist. Zootaxa 3211: 1–64 - get paper here
  • Santos-Costa, Maria Cristina dos; Gleomar Fabiano Maschio, Ana Lúcia da Costa Prudente 2015. Natural history of snakes from Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, eastern Amazonia, Brazil. Herpetology Notes 8: 69-98 - get paper here
  • Schmidt, Karl P. & Walker, Warren F. 1943. Peruvian snakes from the University of Arequipa. Zoological Series of Field Museum of Zoology 24 (26): 279-296 - get paper here
  • Silva, F.M.; A.C. Menks; A.L.C. Prudente; J.C.L. Costa; A.E.M. Travassos; U. Galatti. 2011. Squamate Reptiles from municipality of Barcarena and surroundings, state of Pará, north of Brazil. Check List 7 (3): 220-226 - get paper here
  • Starace, Fausto 1998. Guide des Serpents et Amphisbènes de Guyane. IBIS Rouge Editions, Guadeloupe, Guyane, 450 pp.
  • Starace, Fausto 2013. Guide des Serpents et Amphisbènes de Guyane. Ibis Rouge Editions, Matoury, Guyane, ISBN 978-2-84450-407-4 - get paper here
  • Torres-Carvajal O, Pazmiño-Otamendi G, Salazar-Valenzuela D. 2019. Reptiles of Ecuador: a resource-rich portal, with a dynamic checklist and photographic guides. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13 (1): [General Section]: 209–229 (e178) - get paper here
  • Vaz-Silva, W.; RM Oliveira, AFN Gonzaga, KC Pinto, FC Poli, TM Bilce, M Penhacek, L Wronski, JX Martins, TG Junqueira, LCC, Cesca VY, Guimarães RD. Pinheiro 2015. Contributions to the knowledge of amphibians and reptiles from Volta Grande do Xingu, northern Brazil Braz. J. Biol., 75 (3) (suppl.): S205-S218 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Wucherer, Otho 1862. On the ophidians of the province of Bahia, Brazil (Part II). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 9: 251-256 - get paper here
 
External links  
Is it interesting? Share with others:


Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator