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Conolophus subcristatus (GRAY, 1831)

IUCN Red List - Conolophus subcristatus - Vulnerable, VU
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Higher TaxaIguanidae, Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Galapagos Land Iguana 
SynonymAmb. [lyrhynchus] subcristatus GRAY 1831: 6
Amblyrhynchus Demarlii DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1837: 197
Hypsilophus (Conolophus) demarlii — FITZINGER 1843: 55
Trachycephalus subcristatus — GRAY 1845: 188
Conolophus subcristatus — STEINDACHNER 1876
Conolophus subcristatus — BOULENGER 1885: 187
Conolophus subcristatus pictus ROTHSCHILD & HARTERT 1899: 102
Conolophus subcristatus— SWASH & STILL 2000 
DistributionGalapagos (James = Santiago, Indefatigable = Santa Cruz, Albermarle = Isabella, Narborough = Fernandina, South Seymour) (belongs politically to Ecuador)

Type locality: Galápagos?  
ReproductionAmblyrhynchus cristatus, Conolophus subcristatus and Conolophus marthae can hybridize and produce viable offspring (Tzika et al. 2008). 
TypesHolotype: unlocated (fide ETHERIDGE 1982) 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): differs from all other iguanid genera in possessing the following combination of character states: a) lateral crests of premaxillary incisive process large and pierced or notched by foramina for maxillary arteries, b) crista cranii of frontal projects anteriorly forming a step rather than a smooth curve where it meets the medial edge of prefrontal at dorsal margin of orbitonasal fenestra, c) supratemporals relatively small, extending one-half or less the distance across posterior temporal fossa, d) ectopterygoid contacts the palatine near the posteromedial corner of the suborbital fenestra, e) labial process of coronoid very large, extending more than two-thirds the way down the lateral surface of the mandible in large specimens, f) pterygoid teeth usually absent, g) foramina in ventral surface of second sacral pleurapophyses usually absent, replaced by open grooves, g) subclavian arteries not covered ventrally by the rectus capitis anterior muscle (John Iverson et al., pers. comm.). 
CommentType species: Amblyrhynchus Demarlii DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1837 is the type species of the genus Conolophus FITZINGER 1843. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin sub-, close to, almost, about and Latin cristatus, tufted, crested; having a comb/tuft on head. [“...Short crested Amblyrynchus...”]. (from Esteban Lavilla, pers. comm., May 2024)

The genus was probably named after Greek konos (κώνος), cone; pine-cone + Greek lophos (λόφος), neck, crest of hill, ridge, crest of a helmet. 
References
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  • Avery, D. F.; Tanner, W. W. 1971. Evolution of the iguanine lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) as determined by osteological and myological characters. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin 12 (3): 1-79
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Catalogue of the lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Vol. 2, Second edition. London, xiii+497 pp. - get paper here
  • Buckley, Larry J.; Kevin de Queiroz, Tandora D. Grant, Bradford D. Hollingsworth, John B. Iverson (Chair, <br>Stesha A. Pasachnik, and Catherine L. Stephen (Iguana Taxonomy Working Group, ITWG 2016. A Checklist of the Iguanas of the World (Iguanidae; Iguaninae). Herp. Cons. Biol. 11 (Monograph 6) - get paper here
  • Colosimo, G., Di Marco, G., D’Agostino, A. et al. 2020. Chemical signatures of femoral pore secretions in two syntopic but reproductively isolated species of Galápagos land iguanas (Conolophus marthae and C. subcristatus). Sci Rep 10: 14314 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1886. On the species of Iguaninae. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 23 (122): 261-271 - get paper here
  • Dieckmann, M. 2014. Conolophus subcristatus (GRAY 1831). Iguana 27 (2): 16-20
  • Duméril, A. M. C. and G. Bibron. 1837. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complete des Reptiles. Vol. 4. Libr. Encyclopédique Roret, Paris, 570 pp. - get paper here
  • Etheridge,R. 1982. Checklist of the Iguanine and Malagasy Iguanid Lizards. In: Burghardt,G.M. & Rand, A.S., eds., Iguanas of the World. Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, NJ, pp. 7-37
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  • FRICK, MICHAEL G. 2010. Misconceptions about the ability of researchers to relocate the holotype of the Galapagos pink land iguana through the use of a passive integrated transponder. Zootaxa 2694: 57–58 - get paper here
  • GARGANO, MARCO; GIULIANO COLOSIMO, PAOLO GRATTON, SILVIO MARTA, MAURO BRILLI, FRANCESCA GIUSTINI, CHRISTIAN SEVILLA & GABRIELE GENTILE. 2022. Nitrogen and carbon stable isotope analysis sheds light on trophic competition between two syntopic land iguana species from Galápagos. Scientific Reports 12(1): 16897. - get paper here
  • Gentile, Gabriele; Anna Fabiani, Cruz Marquez, Howard L. Snell, Heidi M. Snell, Washington Tapia, and Valerio Sbordoni 2009. An overlooked pink species of land iguana in the Galápagos. PNAS 106: 507-511 - get paper here
  • Giambattista, Livia Di; Gabriele Gentile 2018. A molecular protocol to distinguish syntopic Galápagos land iguana species from stool samples (Conolophus marthae and C. subcristatus). Herpetology Notes 11: 97-100 - get paper here
  • Glaberman, Scott & Adalgisa Caccone 2008. Species-specific evolution of class I MHC genes in iguanas (Order: Squamata; Subfamily: Iguaninae). Immunogenetics 60:371–382 - get paper here
  • Gray, J. E. 1831. Description of a new species of Amblyrhynchus of Mr. Bell, in the British Museum. Zoological Miscellany 1: 6 - get paper here
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  • Klauber, Laurence M. 1938. Notes from a herpetological diary, I. Copeia 1938 (4): 191-197 - get paper here
  • Lücker, H. & Feiler, A. 2002. Beobachtungen einer Paarung zwischen Meerechsen-Männchen (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) und Landleguan-Weibchen (Conolophus subcristatus) auf Plaza-Sur/Galapagos-Inseln sowie Beobachtungen an einem adulten Gattungshybriden (Amblyrhynchus x Conolophus). Elaphe 10 (4): 49-54
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  • ROSA,SABRINA F. P.; DANIEL MONTEYNE and MICHEL C. MILINKOVITCH 2009. Development of 10 highly-polymorphic microsatellite markers in the vulnerable Galápagos land iguanas (genus Conolophus). Molecular Ecology Resources 9: 376–379 - get paper here
  • Rothschild, W. & Hartert, E. 1899. A review of the ornithology of the Galapagos islands, with notes on the Webster-Harris expedition. Parts I-VI. Novitates Zoologicae 6: 85-205 - get paper here
  • Steindachner, F. 1876. Die Schlangen und Eidechsen der Galapagos-Inseln. Festschr. zool.-bot. Ges., Wien 1876: 303-329 - get paper here
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  • Tapia W, Gibbs JP. 2022. Galapagos land iguanas as ecosystem engineers. PeerJ 10:e12711 - get paper here
  • Torres-Carvajal O, Pazmiño-Otamendi G, Salazar-Valenzuela D. 2019. Reptiles of Ecuador: a resource-rich portal, with a dynamic checklist and photographic guides. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13 (1): [General Section]: 209–229 (e178) - get paper here
  • TZIKA, A.C., ROSA, S.F.P., FABIANI, A., SNELL, H.L., SNELL, H.M., MARQUEZ, C., TAPIA, W., RASSMANN, K., GENTILE, G. and MILINKOVITCH, M.C. 2008. Population genetics of Galápagos land iguana (genus Conolophus) remnant populations. Molecular Ecology, 17: 4943-4952 - get paper here
  • Urbansky, D. 2014. Eine Kreuzfahrt zu den Galapagos-Inseln, Teil 1: die westlichen Inseln Isabela und Fernandina. Iguana 27 (1): 23-31
  • Van Denburgh, J., and J. R. Slevin 1913. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. IX. The Galapagoan lizards of the genus Tropidurus with notes on iguanas of the genera Conolophus and Amblyrhynchus. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (ser. 4) 2: 132-202. - get paper here
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