You are here » home › search results › Crotalus durissus

Crotalus durissus LINNAEUS, 1758

IUCN Red List - Crotalus durissus - Least Concern, LC
iNaturalist logo

Can you confirm these amateur observations of Crotalus durissus?

Add your own observation of
Crotalus durissus »

Find more photos by Google images search: Google images

Higher TaxaViperidae, Crotalinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesCrotalus durissus cumanensis HUMBOLDT 1811
Crotalus durissus durissus (LINNAEUS 1758)
Crotalus durissus marajoensis (HOGE 1966)
Crotalus durissus ruruima (HOGE 1966)
Crotalus durissus terrificus (LAURENTI 1768)
Crotalus durissus trigonicus (HARRIS & SIMMONS 1978) 
Common NamesE: Cascabel Rattlesnake; Central American Rattlesnake
unicolor: Aruba Island Rattlesnake;
G: Cascabel-Tropische - Schauer-Klapperschlange
NL: Zuid-Amerikaanse Ratelslang, Surinamse ratelslang
E: Rupununi Savanna Rattlesnake [trigonicus]
Portuguese: Boicinim, Boicininga, Boiçununga, Boiquira, Cascabel, Cascavé, Cascavel, Cascavel-de-Quatro-Ventas, Cascavelha, Cobra-de-Chocalho, Cobra-de-Guizo, Cobra-do-Chocalho, Maracá, Maracaboia, Maracamboia, Surucucu-Cascavel 
SynonymCrotalus durissus LINNAEUS 1758: 214
Crotalus durissus — BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 1
Crotalus durissus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 1463
Crotalus pulvis DITMARS 1905 [1904]
Crotalus durissus durissus — KLAUBER 1952: 61
Crotalus durissus — LINER 1994
Crotalus durissus maricelae GARCÍA-PÉREZ 1995 (nom. nud.)
Crotalus durissus — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 279
Crotalus durissus maricelae — QUIJADA-MASCAREÑAS & WÜSTER 2006
Caudisona durissus — HOSER 2009
Crotallus durissus — CONDEZ et al. 2009 (in error)
Crotalus durissus — WÜSTER & BERNILS 2011
Caudisona durissa — HAMDAN et al. 2012
Crotalus durissus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 189

Crotalus durissus cumanensis HUMBOLDT 1811
Crotalus cumanensis HUMBOLDT 1811: 6
Crotalus durissus cumanensis — HOGE 1966
Crotalus durissus cumanensis — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 76
Crotalus durissus cumanensis — KORNACKER 1997
Crotalus durissus cumanensis — ESQUEDA et al. 2001
Crotalus durissus cumanensis — QUIJADA-MASCAREÑAS & WÜSTER 2006
Crotalus durissus cumanensis — UGUETO & RIVAS 2010
Crotalus durissus cumanensis — CARBAJAL-MÁRQUEZ et al. 2020
Crotalus durissus cumanensis — REYES-VELASCO et al. 2022

Crotalus durissus dryinas LINNAEUS 1758
Crotalus dryinas LINNAEUS 1758: 214 (part.)
Crotalus durissus dryinas — HOGE 1966
Crotalus durissus dryinus — GASC & RODRIGUES 1980

Crotalus durissus marajoensis HOGE 1966
Crotalus durissus marajoensis HOGE 1966
Crotalus durissus marajoensis — QUIJADA-MASCAREÑAS & WÜSTER 2006
Crotalus durissus marajoensis — REYES-VELASCO et al. 2022

Crotalus durissus pifanorum SANDNER-MONTILLA 1980
Crotalus pifanorum SANDNER-MONTILLA 1980
Crotalus pifanorum — LANCINI & KORNACKER 1989: 293
Crotalus durissus pifanorum — KORNACKER 1999: 174
Crotalus durissus pifanorum — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004
Crotalus durissus pifanorum — QUIJADA-MASCAREÑAS & WÜSTER 2006

Crotalus durissus ruruima HOGE 1965
Crotalus durissus ruruima HOGE 1965
Crotalus terrificus ruruima — SANDNER-MONTILLA 1980
Crotalus durissus ruruima — QUIJADA-MASCAREÑAS & WÜSTER 2006
Crotalus durissus ruruima — SEÑARIS et al. 2009
Crotalus ruruima — VIANA et al. 2020
Crotalus durissus ruruima — REYES-VELASCO et al. 2022

Crotalus durissus cascavella WAGLER 1824: 60
Crotalus cascavella WAGLER 1824: 60 (fide WÜSTER et al. 2005)
Crotalus durissus cascavella — HOGE 1966
Crotalus durissus cascavella — FREITAS et al. 2016
Crotalus durissus cascavella — REYES-VELASCO et al. 2022

Crotalus durissus collilineatus AMARAL 1926
Crotalus terrificus var. collilineatus AMARAL 1926
Crotalus terrificus var. collirhombeatus AMARAL
Crotalus durissus collilineatus — HOGE 1966
Crotalus durissus collilineatus — REYES-VELASCO et al. 2022

Crotalus durissus terrificus (LAURENTI 1768)
Caudisona terrifica LAURENTI 1768
Crotalus terrificus — BOULENGER 1896
Crotalus terrificus — BARBOUR & COLE 1906: 153
Crotalus durissus terrificus — KLAUBER 1936
Crotalus terrificus terrificus — SERIÉ 1936
Crotalus durissus terrificus — BEEBE 1946: 51
Crotalus terrificus crotaminicus GONÇALVES 1956
Crotalus durissus terrificus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970
Crotalus durissus terrificus — CEI 1993
Crotalus durissus terrificus — LEYNAUD & BUCHER 1999: 38
Crotalus terrificus — BÉRNILS et al. 2001
Crotalus durissus terrificus — WÜSTER et al. 2005
Crotalus durissus terrificus — SCROCCHI et al. 2006: 160
Crotalus durissus terrificus — CANO et al. 2015
Crotalus terrificus — VIANA et al. 2020
Crotalus durissus terrificus — REYES-VELASCO et al. 2022

Crotalus durissus trigonicus HARRIS & SIMMONS 1978
Crotalus durissus trigonicus HARRIS & SIMMONS 1978: 112 (nom. nud.)
Crotalus durissus trigonicus HARRIS & SIMMONS 1978: 306
Crotalus durissus trigonicus — QUIJADA-MASCAREÑAS & WÜSTER 2006
Crotalus durissus trigonicus — REYES-VELASCO et al. 2022 
DistributionBrazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Roraima, Amapá, Roraima, Goias, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe and many others), Venezuela (Cojedes), Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, N
Argentina (Mendoza, La Pampa, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Fe, Córdoba, La Rioja, Catamarca, Santiago del Estero, Tucumán, Chaco, Formosa, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Misiones), Paraguay, Bolivia (Beni), Uruguay, Aruba I

durissus: Guyana

cascavella: Brazil (Maranhao, Ceara, Piaui, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Rio grande do Norte, Bahia)

collilineatus: Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goyas, Minas Gerais, NW Sao Paulo)

cumanensis: Venezuela, Colombia, maybe West Guyana, Isla Margarita.

dryinas: Brazil (Amapa), northern coast of the Guianas

cumanensis: Venezuela, NE Colombia

marajoensis: Brazil (Marajo)

ruruima: Venezuela, adjacent Brazil

terrificus: S Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina (Formosa etc.), Paraguay, Peru, Bolivia

trigonicus: Brazil (Roraima), SW Guyana

Type locality: “America”  
Reproductionovovivparous. Schuett et al. (1997) provide evidence for parthenogenesis in this C. d. unicolor. 
TypesNeotype: RMNH 12857, adult male, designated by Savage et al. (2005: 370).
Holotype: ZSM, uncatalogued specimen(s) (lost), “Habitat non rarus in campis provinciae Bahiae” [Brazil, former province of Bahia, part of the present state of Bahia] according to the original description and Vanzolini (1981), collected by Spix and Martius expedition to Brazil, 1817-1820 [cascavella]
Type: nondesignated, according to Klauber (1972:36) [cumanensis]
Holotype: IBSP (= IB) 17779 [marajoensis]
Holotype: MCZ 7044 [pulvis]
Holotype: AMNH 36056 [ruruima]
Neotype: IBSP (also as IB = Instituto Butantan) 22997, designated by Hoge (1966: 147); originally no type(s) indicated [terrificus]
Holotype: private collection, "RS 907 HSH/RSS in the authors' collection at the Natural History Society of Maryland." [trigonicus] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (1252 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous! This species causes most of the lethal snakebite accidents in Brazil.

Synonymy for terrificus after CEI 1993. MCDIARMID et al. (1999) list C. pifanorum as synonym of C. durissus. Esqueda et al. (2001) suggested that C. maricelae is a nomen nudum and that this population does not deserve recognition because all diagnostic characters fall within the variation range of C. d. cumanensis. La Marca and Soriano (2004) considered Crotalus maricelae a valid taxon, using the same characters mentioned in the original description. We follow Campbell and Lamar (2004) in considering this taxon a synonym of Crotalus durissus. RIVAS et al. 2012 consider C. vegrandis a full species mostly based on the following morphological differences: smaller length, peculiar colour pattern composed of gray and/or reddish brown ground colour with large white flecks distributed as irregular rings (vs rhomboidal blotches in C. durissus).

Species group: Crotalus durissus complex, which includes durissus, simus, culminatus, tzabcan, unicolor, vegrandis, ehecatl, and mictlantecuhtli (Reyes-Velasco et al. 2022).

Subspecies: Crotalus durissus culminatus (KLAUBER 1952) and Crotalus durissus tzabcan (KLAUBER 1952) have been re-assigned to C. simus by CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004. Crotalus durissus unicolor is considered a full species by most recent authors.

Distribution: Restricted to South America (Wallach et al. 2014, O. Flores-Villela, pers. comm., 21 June 2021), although the species has been reported from Central America by several authors. Not in Honduras fide McCranie 2015 (checklist Honduras, snakes of Honduras), not in Mexico (Heimes 2016), but reported for Costa Rica by Savage 2000: 735.
CAMPBELL & LAMAR (2004) consider the likely type locality of Linnaeus's durissus to have been the Guyanan region of South America, not Mexico, and they reject Smith & Taylor's restriction of the type locality to Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico. In consequence, all the South American forms of the complex treated as subspecies of Crotalus durissus, and the populations from coastal Guyana, Suriname and French Guyana, formerly known as C. durissus dryinas, become C. durissus durissus. See map in Nogueira et al. 2019 (for South America).

Nomenclature: Hoser’s 2009 classification and nomenclature has been rejected as unnecessary and unavailable by WÜSTER & BERNILS 2011. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin durissimus, hard, stern; harsh, rough, vigorous; cruel, unfeeling, inflexible. (Esteban Lavilla, pers. comm., April 2024) 
References
  • Abalos, J.W., Baez, E.C., & Nader, R. 1964. Serpientes de Santiago del Estero. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 20: 211-283
  • Aeberhard, R. 2010. Interessante Beobachtungen zur Tragzeit der Tropischen Klapperschlange, Crotalus durissus durissus. Reptilia (Münster) 15 (81): 7-9 - get paper here
  • Almeida-Santos, Selma Maria; Maria da Graca Salomão; Elaine Aparecida Peneti , Paulo Sérgio de Sena; Eduardo Santos Guimaraes 1999. Predatory combat and tail wrestling in hierarchical contests of the Neotropical rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus (Serpentes: Viperidae). Amphibia-Reptilia 20 (1): 88-96 - get paper here
  • Andrade, D.V., A.P. Cruz-Neto & A.S. Abe 1997. Meal size and specific dynamic action in the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus (Serpentes: Viperidae) Herpetologica 53 (4): 485-493. - get paper here
  • ARAUJO, C.O. & ALMEIDA-SANTOS, S.M. 2011. Herpetofauna de um remanescente de Cerrado no estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 11(3): 47-62 - get paper here
  • ARAUJO, C.O. & ALMEIDA-SANTOS, S.M. 2011. Herpetofauna in a cerrado remnant in the state of Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. [in Portuguese] Biota Neotropica 11 (3): 47-62 - get paper here
  • Augstenová, Barbora; Sofia Mazzoleni, Lukáš Kratochvíl Orcid and Michail Rovatsos 2017. Evolutionary Dynamics of the W Chromosome in Caenophidian Snakes. Genes 2018, 9(1), 5; doi:10.3390/genes9010005 - get paper here
  • Baird, S. F. and C. Girard. 1853. Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part 1.-Serpents. Smithsonian Inst., Washington, xvi + 172 pp. - get paper here
  • BARBO, F. E.; MARQUES, O. A. V. & SAWAYA, R. J. 2011. Diversity, Natural History and Distribution of Snakes in the Municipality of São Paulo. South American J. Herp. 6: 135-160
  • Barbosa, Vanessa do Nascimento; Amaral, Jéssica Monique da Silva; Alcantara, Edivania do Nascimento Pereira; dos Santos, Ednilza Maranhão 2018. Herpetofauna de uma área de caatinga em Taquaritinga do Norte, agreste de Pernambuco, Brasil. Cuad. herpetol. 32 (2): 109-115 - get paper here
  • Barbour, T., and L. J. Cole. 1906. Vertebrata from Yucatan. Reptilia, Amphibia and Pisces. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 50: 146-159 - get paper here
  • BARROS, Ana Bárbara 2011. HERPETOFAUNA DO PARQUE NACIONAL DA SERRA DA CANASTRA MINAS GERAIS BRASIL M. Sc. Thesis, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - get paper here
  • BATISTA, SILARA FATIMA; DIEGO FERREIRA MUNIZ-DA-SILVA & SELMA MARIA ALMEIDA-SANTOS 2021. Dominant and submissive behaviour in the rattlesnake Crotalus durissus under semi-natural conditions. The Herpetological Bulletin (157) - get paper here
  • Beaman, K.R. & Hayes, W.K. 2008. Rattlesnakes: Research Trends and Annotated Checklist. In: Hayes et al. (eds), The biology of rattlesnakes. Loma Linda University Press, pp. 5-16
  • Benício, R. A. 2016. Crotalus durissus (South American Rattlesnake) arboreal habitat use. Herpetological Review 47(3): 477. - get paper here
  • Benicio, Ronildo A.; Marcio Martins 2018. Defensive behavior of a juvenile Crotalus durissus LINNAEUS, 1758. Herpetozoa 30 (3/4): 217 - 218 - get paper here
  • Benício, Ronildo Alves 2018. Notes on habitat use of Crotalus durissus (South American Rattlesnake). Herpetology Notes 11: 645-646 - get paper here
  • Benyr, Gerald 2016. Eine Checkliste von Sicherheitsvorkehrungen bei der Haltung von Giftschlangen. Terraria-Elaphe 2016 (2): 66-70 - get paper here
  • BERNARDE, P.S., ALBUQUERQUE, S., BARROS, T.O. & TURCI, L.C.B. 2012. Snakes of Rondônia State, Brazil. Biota Neotropica 12 (3): - get paper here
  • BERNARDE, P.S., ALBUQUERQUE, S., BARROS, T.O. & TURCI, L.C.B. 2012. Serpentes do Estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 12 (3): 1-29 - get paper here
  • Bérnils, R.S.; Batista, M.A. & Bertelli, P.W. 2001. Cobras e lagartos do Vale: levantamento das espécies de Squamata (Reptilia, Lepidosauria) da Bacia do Rio Itajai, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Rev. Est. Ambientais (Blumenau) 3 (1): 69-79
  • Bertoluci, J., CANELAS, M.A.S., EISEMBERG, C.C., PALMUTI C.F.S. & MONTINGELLI G.G. 2009. Herpetofauna da Estação Ambiental de Peti, um fragmento de Mata Atlântica do estado de Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil. Biota Neotrop. 9 (1): 147-155 - get paper here
  • Blanco-Torres, Argelina; Lina Báez S., Edgar Patiño-Flores, Juan M. Renjifo-R. 2013. Herpetofauna from the middle valley of the Ranchería river, La Guajira, Colombia. Rev. Biodivers. Neotrop. 3 (2): 113-22 - get paper here
  • Cacciali, Pier; Norman J. Scott, Aida Luz Aquino Ortíz, Lee A. Fitzgerald, and Paul Smith 2016. The Reptiles of Paraguay: Literature, Distribution, and an Annotated Taxonomic Checklist. SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF THE MUSEUM OF SOUTHWESTERN BIOLOGY, NUMBER 11: 1–373 - get paper here
  • Campbell, J.A. & Lamar, W.W. 1989. The Venomous Reptiles of Latin America. Comstock Publishing/Cornell University Press, Ithaca
  • Campbell, Jonathan A. and William W. Lamar 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere, 2 vols. Comstock (Cornell University Press), Ithaca, NY, 962 pp. [review in Science 305: 182]
  • Campos, Felipe Siqueira and Alexandre Ramos Bastos Lage. 2013. Checklist of amphibians and reptiles from the Nova Roma Ecological Station, in the Cerrado of the State of Goiás, central Brazil. Herpetology Notes 6: 431-438. - get paper here
  • Cano, Paula Daniela; Héctor Alejandro Ball, Matías Federico Carpinetto, Germán Darío Peña 2015. Reptile checklist of Río Pilcomayo National Park, Formosa, Argentina. Check List 11 (3): 1658 - get paper here
  • CARBAJAL-MÁRQUEZ, RUBÉN ALONSO; JOSÉ ROGELIO CEDEÑO-VÁZQUEZ, ARELY MARTÍNEZ-ARCE, EDGAR NERI-CASTRO, SALIMA C. MACHKOUR- M’RABET 2020. Accessing cryptic diversity in Neotropical rattlesnakes (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus) with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 4729 (4): 451–481 - get paper here
  • Carreira Vidal, Santiago 2002. Alimentación de los ofidios de Uruguay. Asoc. Herp. Esp., Monograf. Herp. 6, 127 pp. - get paper here
  • Carreira, S.; Brazeiro, A.; Camargo, A.; da Rosa, I.; Canavero, A. & Maneyro, M. 2012. DIVERSITY OF REPTILES OF URUGUAY: KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION GAPS. Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2a época) 21 (1-2): 9-29 - get paper here
  • Casas-Andreu, G., F.R. Méndez-De la Cruz and X. Aguilar-Miguel. 2004. Anfibios y Reptiles; pp. 375–390, in A.J.M. García-Mendoza, J. Ordoñez and M. Briones-Salas (ed.). Biodiversidad de Oaxaca. Instituto de Biología, UNAM-Fondo Oaxaqueño para la Conservación de la Naturaleza-World Wildlife Fund, México, D. F.
  • Castro-Franco, Rubén, María Guasalupe Bustos-Zagal 1994. List of reptiles of Morelos, Mexico, and their distribution in relation to vegetation types. Southwestern Naturalist 39 (2): 171-175 - get paper here
  • Cei, J. M. 1993. Reptiles del noroeste, nordeste y este de la Argentina. Museo Regionale Sci. Naturale Torino, Monografie 14: 1-949
  • Citadini, Jessyca Michele; Veronica Alberto Barros, Giuseppe Puorto and Selma Maria de Almeida Santos 2012. Crotalus durissus (neotropical rattlesnake): Reproduction. Herpetological Bulletin (119) - get paper here
  • Claessen, H. 2006. De Slangen van de Guyana’s. Deel XI. Lacerta 64 (4): 136-146 - get paper here
  • Cole, Charles J.; Carol R. Townsend, Robert P. Reynolds, Ross D. MacCulloch, and Amy Lathrop 2013. Amphibians and reptiles of Guyana, South America: illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 125 (4): 317-578; plates: 580-620 - get paper here
  • CONDEZ, T. H; SAWAYA, R. J. & DIXO, M. 2009. Herpetofauna dos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica da região de Tapiraí e Piedade, SP, sudeste do Brasil. Biota Neotropica 9: 1-29
  • Costa, Taís Borges; Daniel Orsi Laranjeiras, Francis Luiz Santos Caldas, Daniel Oliveira Santana, Cristiana Ferreira da Silva, Edna Paulino de Alcântara, Samuel Vieira Brito, Jéssica Yara Galdino, Daniel Oliveira Mesquita, Renato Gomes Faria, Frederi 2018. Herpetofauna of protected areas in the Caatinga VII: Aiuaba Ecological Station (Ceará, Brazil). Herpetology Notes 11: 929-941 - get paper here
  • Cozendey, P., Novelli, I.A., Do Nascimento, A.A., Peters, V.M. & De Sousa, B.M. 2017. Study of the renal sexual segment of Crotalus durissus terrificus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Viperidae: Crotalinae). Herpetological Review 48 (4): 743-746 - get paper here
  • Cruz Centeno, Fernanda da; Ricardo Jannini Sawaya & Otavio Augusto Vuolo Marques 2008. Snake assemblage of Ilha de São Sebastião, southeastern Brazil: comparison to mainland. Biota Neotropica 8 (3): 63-68 - get paper here
  • Cruz-Neto, A.P., D.V. Andrade & A.S. Abe 1999. Energetic Cost of Predation: Aerobic Metabolism during Prey Ingestion by Juvenile Rattlesnakes, Crotalus durissus Journal of Herpetology 33 (2): 229-234. - get paper here
  • Daan, S. & Hillenius,D. 1966. Catalogue of the type specimens of amphibians and reptiles in the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam. Beaufortia 13: 117-144
  • Dainesi, Raiane Lesley Santos; Arthur Diesel Abegg, Paulo Sérgio Bernarde, Bruno Peña Correa, Laís Pio Caetano Machado, Afonso Santiago de Oliveira Meneses, Arthur de Sena Santos 2019. Integrative overview of snake species from Londrina, State of Paraná, Brazil. Herpetology Notes 12: 419-430 - get paper here
  • Ditmars, R. L. 1905. Ninth Ann. Rep. N.Y. Zool. Soc. 9: 197-200 [1904]
  • Díaz-Ricaurte, Juan C.; Bruno Ferreto Fiorillo, Jorge Henry Maciel 2018. Crotalus durissus Linnaeus, 1758. Catálogo de Anfibios y Reptiles de Colombia 4 (3): 29-36 - get paper here
  • Duarte, M.R. 2003. Prickly food: snakes preying upon porcupines. Phyllomedusa 2 (2): 109-112 - get paper here
  • Dubeux, M. J. M., Araújo Neto, J. V. D., Triburcio, I. C. S., Lisboa, B. S., Torquato, S., Freitas, M. A. D., ... & Mott, T. 2022. A “hotspot” within a hotspot: the reptiles of the Estação Ecológica and Área de Proteção Ambiental de Murici, Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 22: 1-14 - get paper here
  • Duméril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. & DUMÉRIL, A. H. A., 1854. Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. Deuxième partie, comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux. Paris, Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret: i-xii + 781-1536 - get paper here
  • Duque, B. R., Bruno, S. F., Ferreira, V., Guedes, T. B., Machado, C., & Hamdan, B. 2023. Venomous snakes of medical importance in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro: habitat and taxonomy against ophidism. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 83, e272811 - get paper here
  • Entiauspe-Neto, Omar Machado; Tângela Denise Perleberg and Marco Antonio de Freitas 2016. Herpetofauna from an urban Pampa fragment in southern Brazil: composition, structure and conservation. Check List 12(5): 1964 - get paper here
  • Esqueda, Luis Felipe, Enrique La Marca, Marco Natera and Pietro Battiston 2001. Noteworthy reptilian state records and a lizard species new to the herpetofauna of Venezuela. Herpetological Review 32 (3):198-200 - get paper here
  • Eversole, C. B., Powell, R. L., Rivas, L. R., & Lizarro, D. E. 2024. Reptile Biodiversity and Vulnerability in Bolivia’s Beni Department: Informing Conservation Priorities in a Neglected Frontier. Diversity, 16(6), 335 - get paper here
  • Farias. R. E. S., AND L. J. O. GERALDES-PRIMEIRO 2020. Crotalus durissus ruruima (Neotropical Rattlesnake). Diet. Herpetological Review 51: 139-140.
  • Feoktistow, A.E. 1893. On the physiology of the rattle of Crotalus durissus. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 11: 54-58 - get paper here
  • Ferrante, Lucas, Rafael Menegucci and Ibere Farina Machado. 2015. Crotalus durissus (South American rattlesnake) swimming behavior to cross geographical barrier. Herpetological Review 46 (4): 640 - get paper here
  • Ferreto Fiorillo, Bruno; Alexandro Marques Tozetti, Marcio Martins 2020. Habitat use by five species of sympatric pitvipers (Bothrops, Crotalus) in a Brazilian savannah. Herpetology Notes 13: 951-960 - get paper here
  • Filogonio, Renato; Tobias Wang, Augusto S. Abe, Cléo A.C. Leite 2019. Cooling and Warming Rates are Unaffected by Autonomic Vascular Control in the South American Rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus). South American J. Herp. 14 (3): 242-249 - get paper here
  • França RC, Solé M and França FGR 2024. Conservation status of Brazilian snakes inhabiting the Atlantic Forest of Northeastern Brazil. Front. Ecol. Evol. 12:1301717 - get paper here
  • Franca, F.G.R.; Mesquita, Daniel Oliveira and Guarino Rinaldi Colli 2006. A CHECKLIST OF SNAKES FROM AMAZONIAN SAVANNAS IN BRAZIL, HOUSED IN THE COLEÇÃO HERPETOLÓGICA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA, WITH NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS. Occ. Pap. Oklahoma Mus. Nat. Hist., Univ. Oklahoma 17: 1-13
  • França, R. C., França, F. G., Rödder, D., & Solé, M. 2022. Historical collection of snakes from Brazil by herpetologist and biogeographer Paul Müller (1940–2010), deposited at the Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Germany. Bonn zoological Bulletin 71 (1): 41–49 - get paper here
  • Freire, E. M. X., Kolodiuk, M. F., Gogliath, M., Kokubum, M. N. D. C., Rêgo, B. D. P., Ribeiro, M. M., ... & Sales, R. F. D. 2023. The herpetofauna of priority highland areas for conservation of the Caatinga in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 23, e20221395 - get paper here
  • Freitas, M.A.; D. Veríssimo; V. Uhlig. 2012. Squamate Reptiles of the central Chapada Diamantina, with a focus on the municipality of Mucugê, state of Bahia, Brazil. Check List 8(1):16-22 - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco A. de; Marcos J.M. Dubeux, Márcio F. Chaves, Bruno F. Fiorillo, Gentil A.P. Filho, Washington L.S. Vieira, and Geraldo J.B. de Moura 2023. Herpetofauna in three highland Atlantic Forest remnants in northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 16: 377-390
  • Freitas, Marco Antonio de 2014. Squamate reptiles of the Atlantic Forest of northern Bahia, Brazil. Check List 10 (5): 1020-1030 - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco Antonio de; Arthur Diesel Abegg, Daniel da Silva Araújo, Hugo Estevam de Almeida Coelho, Weverton dos Santos Azevedo, Márcio Frazão Chaves, Geraldo Jorge Barbosa de Moura 2019. Herpetofauna of five "Brejos de Altitude" of the interior of the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 12: 591-602 - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco Antonio de; Arthur Diesel Abegg, Iuri Ribeiro Dias, Elbano Paschoal de Figueiredo Moraes 2018. Herpetofauna from Serra da Jibóia, an Atlantic Rainforest remnant in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 11: 59-72 - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco Antonio de; Arthur Diesel Abegg, Thais Figueiredo Santos Silva, Patrícia Mendes Fonseca, Breno Hamdan, Thiago Filadelfo 2019. Herpetofauna of Serra do Timbó, an Atlantic Forest remnant in the State of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 12: 245-260 - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco Antonio de; Guarino R. Colli, Omar Machado Entiauspe-Neto, Luiz Trinchão, Daniel Araújo, Tiago de Oliveira Lima, Daniella Pereira Fagundes de França, Renato Gaiga, Pedro Dias 2016. Snakes of Cerrado localities in western Bahia, Brazil. Check List 12 (3): 1896 - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco Antônio; Omar Machado Entiauspe-Neto, Tiago de Oliveira Lima, José Soares da Silva Neto, Daniel Araujo & Jonathan Márcio Soares da Silva 2016. Snakes of Juazeiro, Bahia, Middle of São Francisco River, Brazil. Bol. Mus. Biol. Mello Leitão (N. Sér.) 38(4): 331-345.
  • Garman, S. 1887. Reptiles and batrachians from Texas and Mexico. Bull. Essex Inst. 19: 119-138
  • Gasc & Rodrigues 1980. Liste preliminaire des Serpents de la Guyane francaise. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 2 (4): 559-598
  • Gloyd, Howard K. 1936. The status of Crotalus unicolor Van Lidth de Jeude and ICrotalus pulvis Ditmars. Herpetologica 1 (2): 65-68 - get paper here
  • Gonzales, Lucindo; Arturo Muñoz y Edson Cortez 2006. PRIMER REPORTE SOBRE LA HERPETOFAUNA DE LA RESERVA NATURAL “EL CORBALÁN”, TARIJA, BOLIVIA [FIRST REPORT ON THE HERPETOFAUNA OF “EL CORBALAN” NATURAL RESERVE, TARIJA, BOLIVIA]. Kempffiana 2 (1): 72-94 - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Gorzula, Stefan & Senaris, J. Celsa 1999. In: Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana. I: a data base. Scientia Guaianae, Caracas, No. 8 [1998], 269+ pp.; ISBN 980-6020-48-0
  • Gosling, William D.; Bush, Mark B. 2005. A biogeographic comment on: Wuster et al. (2005) Tracing an invasion: landbridges, refugia, and the phylogeography of the Neotropical rattlesnakes (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus durissus). Molecular Ecology 14:3615-3617 - get paper here
  • GUEDES, THAÍS B.; CRISTIANO NOGUEIRA & OTAVIO A. V. MARQUES 2014. Diversity, natural history, and geographic distribution of snakes in the Caatinga, Northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3863 (1): 001–093 - get paper here
  • Hamdan, B. & R. M. Lira-da-Silva 2012. The snakes of Bahia State, northeastern Brazil: species richness, composition and biogeographical notes. Salamandra 48 (1): 31-50 - get paper here
  • Harris, H. Jr., R. S. Simmons 1978. A new subspecies of Crotalus durissus (Serpentes: Crotalidae) from the rupununisavana of Southwestern Guyana. Mem. Inst. Butantan 40/41: 305-311 [1976] - get paper here
  • Harris, H.S., Jr. & R.S. Simmons 1972. Keys to the Neotropical Species and subspecies of the Crotalus durissus group Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc., 8(2): 33-40. - get paper here
  • Harris, H.S., Jr. & R.S. Simmons 1972. A Checklist of the rattlesnakes (Crotalus durissus group) of South America Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc., 8(1): 27-32. - get paper here
  • Harris, Herbert S. & Simmons, Robert S. 1978. A preliminary account of the rattlesnakes with the descriptions of four new subspecies. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 14 (3): 105-211 [1977] - get paper here
  • Harvey, M.B.; et al. 2005. Revision of the venomous snakes of Bolivia. II. The pitvipers (Serpentes: Viperidae). Annals of the Carnegie Museum 74 (1): 1-38. - get paper here
  • HAYASHI, MIRIAN A.F.; JOANA D. CAMPEIRO & CAMILA M. YONAMINE. 2022. Revisiting the potential of South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus toxins as therapeutic, theranostic and/or biotechnological agents. Toxicon 206: 1–13. - get paper here
  • Hedges SB, Powell R, Henderson RW, Hanson S, and Murphy JC 2019. Definition of the Caribbean Islands biogeographic region, with checklist and recommendations for standardized common names of amphibians and reptiles. Caribbean Herpetology 67: 1–53
  • Hellebuyck, Tom 2012. Captive breeding characteristics of the Uracoan rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus vegrandis). Litteratura Serpentium 32 (4): 181-186 - get paper here
  • Henderson, C.L. 2010. Mammals, Amphibians, and Reptiles of Costa Rica - A field guide. University of Texas Press, Austin, 198 pp.
  • Henrique C Costa<br><br>Renato S. Bernils 2012. Devemos Aplicar, Na Literatura Médica, as Mudanças Recentes Na Classificação Das Serpentes? Gazeta Médica da Bahia - get paper here
  • Henriques E Souza, F & Bocchiglieri, A; 2019. Crotalus durissus (Neotropical Rattlesnake) Predation. Herpetological Review 50 (1): 153 - get paper here
  • Hoge, A.R. 1966. Preliminary account on Neotropical Crotalinae (Serpentes: Viperidae). Mem. Inst. Butantan 32 [1965]: 109-184 - get paper here
  • Hoogmoed,M.S. and Gruber,U. 1983. Spix and Wagler type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the Natural History Musea in Munich (Germany) and Leiden (The Netherlands). Spixiana Suppl. 9: 319-415 - get paper here
  • Hoser, R. 2009. A reclassification of the rattlesnakes; species formerly exclusively referred to the genera Crotalus and Sistrurus. Australasian J. Herpetol. 3: 1-21 - get paper here
  • Humboldt, A. 1811. Sur deux nouvelles espèces de Crotles. In: Humboldt and Bonpland, 1813. Recuil Obs. Zool. Anat. Compo 2:1-8 - get paper here
  • Kacoliris F.P.; Berkunsky I. & Williams J. 2006. Herpetofauna of Impenetrable, Argentinean Great Chaco. Phyllomedusa 5 (2): 149-158 - get paper here
  • Kardong, K.V., P. Dullemeijer & J.A.M. Fransen 1986. Feeding mechanism in the Rattlesnake Crotalus durissus Amphibia-Reptilia, 7(3): 271-302. - get paper here
  • Kauffeld, Carl F.; Gloyd, Howard K. 1939. Notes on the Aruba rattlesnake, Crotalus unicolor. Herpetologica 1: 156-160 - get paper here
  • Klauber, Laurence M. 1941. A new species of rattlesnake from Venezuela. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 9 (30): 333-336 - get paper here
  • Klauber, Laurence M. 1952. Taxonomic studies on rattlesnakes of Mainland Mexico. Bulletins of the Zoological Society of San Diego (26): 1-143 - get paper here
  • Klauber, Laurence M. 1972. Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, vol. 1: xxx + 740; vol. 2: xvii + 795 pp. [first published 1956]
  • Kornacker, Paul M.;Dederichs, Ursula 1997. Herpetologische Eindrücke einer Venezuelareise. Elaphe 5 (3): 87-96
  • Kornacker,P.M. 1999. Checklist and key to the snakes of Venezuela. PaKo-Verlag, Rheinbach, Germany, 270 pp.
  • Langlada, F.G. de 1975. Combat-Dance Between Males of Brazilian Crotalus durissus Journal of Herpetology 9 (4): 349-351. - get paper here
  • Larreal, J.T.; G.A. Rivas; C. Portillo-Quintero; T.R. Barros 2012. Squamata reptiles of a fragment of tropical dry forest in northwestern Venezuela (Lake Maracaibo region). Check List 8(6):1220-1224 - get paper here
  • Laurenti, J. N. 1768. Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austracorum, quod authoritate et consensu. Vienna, Joan. Thomae, 217 pp. - get paper here
  • Lee, J. C. 2000. A field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the Maya world. Cornell University Press, Ithaca,
  • Lee, J.C. 1996. The amphibians and reptiles of the Yucatán Peninsula. Comstock, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 500 pp.
  • Leynaud, Gerardo C. and Enrique H. Bucher 1999. La fauna de serpientes del Chaco Sudamericano: diversidad, distribución geografica y estado de conservación. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Miscelanea (98):1-46
  • Lidth de Jeude, Th. W. van. 1887. On a collection of reptiles and fishes from the West-Indies. Notes from the Leyden Museum 9: 129—139. - get paper here
  • Lillywhite, Harvey B. 2014. How Snakes Work: Structure, Function and Behavior of the World's Snakes. Oxford University Press, New York, 256 pp
  • Linares, Antônio Meira and Paula Cabral Eterovick 2013. Herpetofaunal Surveys Support Successful Reconciliation Ecology in Secondary and Human-Modified Habitats at the Inhotim Institute, Southeastern Brazil. Herpetologica 69 (2): 237-256. - get paper here
  • Linnaeus, C. [= Linné, C. von] 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ. 10th Edition: 824 pp. - get paper here
  • Madella-Auricchio, Cláudia Renata; Paulo Auricchio Enio Saraiva Soares 2017. Reptile species composition in the Middle Gurguéia and comparison with inventories in the eastern Parnaíba River Basin, State of Piauí, Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 57(28): 375-386, - get paper here
  • Marcovan Porto, Marco Antonio de Oliveira, Lorenzo Pissinatti, Renata Lopes Rodrigues, Julio Alejandro Rojas-Moscoso, José Carlos Cogo, Konradin Metze, Edson Antunes, César Nahoum, Fabíola Z. Mónica, Gilberto De Nucci 2013. The Evolutionary Implications of Hemipenial Morphology of Rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus (Laurent, 1768) (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae). PLoS One 8 (6): e66903. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066903 - get paper here
  • MARINHO, PATRÍCIA S.; JESÚS E. ORTEGA CHINCHILLA, HENRIQUE B. BRAZ & SELMA M. ALMEIDA-SANTOS. 2022. Effects of Pregnancy on the Body Temperature of the South American Rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus, in Southeastern Brazil. South American Journal of Herpetology 23(1): 67–74. - get paper here
  • Maritz, Bryan; Johannes Penner, Marcio Martins, Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailović, Stephen Spear, Laura R.V. Alencar, Jesús Sigala-Rodriguez, Kevin Messenger, Rulon W. Clark, Pritpal Soorae, Luca Luiselli, Chris Jenkins, Harry W. Greene 2016. Identifying global priorities for the conservation of vipers. Biological Conservation, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.004 - get paper here
  • Markezich, A.L. 2002. New distribution records of reptiles from Western Venezuela. Herpetological Review 33 (1): 69-74 - get paper here
  • Marques R, Mebert K, Fonseca É, Rödder D, Solé M, Tinôco MS 2016. Composition and natural history notes of the coastal snake assemblage from Northern Bahia, Brazil. ZooKeys 611: 93-142. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.611.9529 - get paper here
  • Marques, R., D. Rödder, M. Solé & M. S. Tinôco 2017. Diversity and habitat use of snakes from the coastal Atlantic rainforest in northeastern Bahia, Brazil. Salamandra 53 (1): 34-43 - get paper here
  • Marques, R., M.S. Tinôco, D. Couto- Ferreira, C.P. Fazolato, H.C. Browne-Ribeiro, M.L.O. Travassos, M.A. Dias & J.V.L. Mota 2011. Reserva Imbassaí Restinga: inventory of snakes on the northern coast of Bahia, Brazil. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3 (11): 2184–2191 - get paper here
  • Martin, Plul S. 1958. A biogeography of reptiles and amphibians in the Gomez Farias Region, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Miscellaneous publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (101): 1-102 + 7 plates - get paper here
  • Massemin, D. 2010. Kurzmitteilung über den Status der Schauerklapperschlange (Crotalus durissus) in Französisch-Guayana Terraria (21) 5 (1): 6.
  • McCranie J R 1984. Crotalus vegrandis Klauber. Uracoan rattlesnake. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles ( 350: 1-2 - get paper here
  • McCranie J R 1986. Crotalus unicolor van Lidth de Jeude. Aruba Island rattlesnake. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles ( 389: 1-2 - get paper here
  • McCranie J R 1993. Crotalus durissus Linnaeus, Neotropical rattlesnake. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 577: 1-11 - get paper here
  • McCranie J R 2011. The snakes of Honduras. SSAR, Salt Lake City, 725 pp.
  • McCranie, J.R. & Wilson, L.D. 1979. Commentary on taxonomic practice in regional herpetological publications: a review of the rattlesnakes with the description of four new subspecies [by HARRIS & SIMMONS 1978]. Herpetological Review 10 (1): 18-21 - get paper here
  • McDiarmid, R.W.; Campbell, J.A. & Touré,T.A. 1999. Snake species of the world. Vol. 1. [type catalogue] Herpetologists’ League, 511 pp.
  • Medina-Rangel, Guido Fabián 2013. CAMBIO EstACIOnAl En El UsO DE lOs RECURsOs DE lA COMUnIDAD DE REptIlEs En El COMplEJO CEnAgOsO DE ZApAtOsA, DEpARtAMEntO DEl CEsAR (Colombia). Caldasia 35 (1): 103-122 - get paper here
  • Meik, Jesse M and André Pires-daSilva 2009. Evolutionary morphology of the rattlesnake style. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:35 - get paper here
  • Mertens, R. 1952. Die Amphibien und Reptilien von El Salvador. Abh. senckenb. naturf. Ges. (Frankfurt) (No. 487): 120 pp.
  • Mesquita , P.; Passos, D.C.; Borges-Nojosa, D. M. & Cechin, S.Z. 2013. Ecologia e história natural das serpentes de uma área de Caatinga no nordeste brasileiro Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 53 (8): 99-113 - get paper here
  • Monzel, Markus 2008. Bissunfälle durch Lanzenottern – Gifte, Epidemiologie und Schlangenbiss-Management. Draco 8 (33): 57-65 - get paper here
  • Monzel, Markus & Wolfgang Wüster 2008. Neotropische Grubenottern – Evolution, Biogeographie und Ökologie. Draco 8 (33): 4-27 - get paper here
  • Morato, Sérgio Augusto Abrahão; Renato Silveira Bérnils, Julio Cesar de Moura-Leite 2017. RÉPTEIS DE CURITIBA: COLETÂNEA DE REGISTROS Hori Consultoria, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil, 99 pp.
  • Nascimento-Pereira, Edivania do; Joana Evelyn Alcantara Nascimento, Ednilza Maranhão dos Santos 2014. HERPETOFAUNA EM ÁREA DE CAATINGA, SANTA CRUZ DO CAPIBARIBE, PERNAMBUCO, BRASIL. Revista Nordestina de Zoologia, Recife 8(1): p. 15 -32
  • Natera-Mumaw, Marco; Luis Felipe Esqueda-González & Manuel Castelaín-Fernández 2015. Atlas Serpientes de Venezuela. Santiago de Chile, Dimacofi Negocios Avanzados S.A., 456 pp. - get paper here
  • Neumann, C. 2008. Wenn Arten entstehen - die Evolution der Schauerklapperschlange (Crotalus durissus) im nördlichen Südamerika Terraria (12) 3 (4): 39-47.
  • Neves MO, Yves A, Pereira EA, Alves L, Vasques JB, Coelho JFT, Silva PS 2019. Herpetofauna in a highly endangered area: the Triângulo Mineiro region, in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Herpetozoa 32: 113-123 - get paper here
  • Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Antonio J.S. Argôlo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Josué A. Azevedo, Fausto E. Barbo, Renato S. Bérnils, Bruna E. Bolochio, Marcio Borges-Martins, Marcela Brasil-Godinho, Henrique Braz, Marcus A. Buononato, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American J. Herp. 14 (Special Issue 1):1-274 - get paper here
  • OLIVEIRA LIMA, JEFFERSON; HUGO ANDRADE, TAINARA LIMA DA SILVA & EDUARDO JOSÉ DOS REIS DIAS. 2022. Reptiles of Sergipe: current knowledge and sampling discontinuities. Herpetology Notes 15: 69–78. - get paper here
  • Oliveira, Jane C.F.; Rodrigo Castellari Gonzalez; Paulo Passos; Davor Vrcibradic & Carlos Frederico Duarte Rocha 2020. Non-Avian Reptiles of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: status of knowledge and commented list. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 60: e20206024 - get paper here
  • Outeiral, Arlete B.; Rafael L. Balestrin, Lize H. Cappellari, Thales de Lema, Vanda Lúcia Ferreira 2018. Snake assemblage from Serra do Sudeste, Pampa Biome in Southern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 11: 733-745 - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • PELEGRIN, N. & LEYNAUD, G. C. & BUCHER, E. H. 2006. Reptile fauna of the Chancaní Reserve (Arid Chaco, Argentina): species list and conservation status [Short Note]. Herpetozoa 19 (1/2): 85-86 - get paper here
  • Pérez-Santos,C. & Moreno, A.G. 1988. Ofidios de Colombia. Museo reegionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Monographie VI, 517 pp.
  • Porras, L.W. & Solórzano, A. 2006. Costa Rica’s venomous snakes. Reptilia (GB) (48): 11-17 - get paper here
  • PRÉMEL, VINCENT; MAXIME COBIGO & IVAN INEICH 2022. Distribution and conservation of the Neotropical rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus (Squamata: Viperidae), in French Guiana: citizen science and local communities come to rescue. Herpetology Notes 15: 583–592. - get paper here
  • Prigioni, C.; C. Borteiro; F. Kolenc. 2011. Amphibia and Reptilia, Quebrada de los Cuervos, Departamento de Treinta y Tres, Uruguay. Check List 7 (6): 763-767 - get paper here
  • Prigioni, Carlos; Borteiro, Claudio; Kolenc, Francisco; Colina, Marcelo; González, Enrique M. 2013. Geographic distribution and apparent decline of Crotalus durissus terrificus (Laurenti 1768; Serpentes, Viperidae) in Uruguay. Cuadernos de Herpetología 27 (2): - get paper here
  • Quelch, J.J. 1899. The poisonous snakes of British Guiana. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 3: 402-409 - get paper here
  • Quijada-Mascareñas & Wüster, W. 2006. Crotalus durissus complex: from Yucatan to Patagonia: the natural history of the Neotropical rattlesnake. Reptilia (GB) (49): 66-73 - get paper here
  • Quijada-Mascarenas, J. Adrian; Ferguson, Julia E.; Pook, Catharine E.; Salomao, Maria Da Graca; Thorpe, Roger S.; Wuster, Wolfgang 2007. Phylogeographic patterns of trans-Amazonian vicariants and Amazonian biogeography: the Neotropical rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus complex) as an example. Journal of Biogeography 34(8):1296-1312 - get paper here
  • Ramalho, Werther Pereira; Vinícius Guerra Batista; Luciano Roberto Passos Lozi 2014. Anfíbios e répteis do médio rio Aporé, estados de Mato Grosso do Sul e Goiás, Brasil. Neotropical Biology and Conservation 9 (3): 147-160; doi: 10.4013/nbc.2014.93.04 - get paper here
  • REGO RODRIGUES, CAROLINA; DENIS A. MOLINA MOLINA, DAYANE L. NAVES DE SOUZA, JAVIER CARDENAS, FERNANDA COSTAL-OLIVEIRA, CLARA GUERRA-DUARTE & CARLOS CHÁVEZ-OLÓRTEGUI. 2022. Biological and proteomic characterization of the venom from Peruvian Andes rattlesnake Crotalus durissus. Toxicon 207: 31–42. - get paper here
  • Resende, Flávia Cappuccio de (coord.) 2023. O fantástico mundo dos animais peçonhentos: serpentes; características, história natural e reconhecimento das espécies peçonhentas de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte – Fundação Ezequiel Dias - get paper here
  • REYES VELASCO, JACOBO; CHRISTIAN L. COX, JASON MICHAEL JONES, MIGUEL BORJA & JONATHAN A. CAMPBELL. 2022. How many species of rattlesnakes are there in the Crotalus durissus species group (Serpentes: Crotalidae)? Revista Latinoamericana de Herpetología 5(1): 43–55. - get paper here
  • Ribeiro, S. C., I. J. Roberto, D. L. Sales, R. W. Ávila & W. O. Almeida 2012. Amphibians and reptiles from the Araripe bioregion, northeastern Brazil. Salamandra 48 (3): 133-146 - get paper here
  • Rivas Fuenmayor, G.; Ugueto, G.; Rivero, R. & Miralles, A. 2005. The Herpetofauna of Isla de Margarita, Venezuela: New Records and Comments. Carib. J. Sci. 41 (2): 346-351
  • Rivas Fuenmayor, Gilson and Cesar Luis Barrio Amorós 2005. New Amphibian and Reptile records from Cojedes State, Venezuela. Herpetological Review 36 (2):205-209. - get paper here
  • RIVAS, GILSON A.; CÉSAR R. MOLINA, GABRIEL N. UGUETO, TITO R. BARROS, CÉSAR L. BAR- RIO-AMORÓS & PHILIPPE J. R. KOK 2012. Reptiles of Venezuela: an updated and commented checklist. Zootaxa 3211: 1–64 - get paper here
  • Rivas, L. R., Eversole, C. B., & Powell, R. L. 2023. Urban herpetofauna of Trinidad, Beni Department, Bolivia. Herpetology Notes, 16, 399-410
  • Rivas, Luis Rolando; Mendoza-Miranda, Patricia; Muñoz-Saravia, Arturo 2018. Lista preliminar de la herpetofauna del Parque Nacional Torotoro, Potosí, Bolivia . Pp. 6. Cuad. herpetol. 32 (1): 41-46 - get paper here
  • Roberto, I. J., R. W. Ávila & A. R. Melgarejo 2015. Répteis (Testudines, Squamata, Crocodylia) da reserva biológica de Pedra Talhada. In: Atuder, A., l. Nusbaumer & R. Spichiger (eds.). biodiversidade da reserva biológica de Pedra talhada (alagoas, Pernambuco - brasil). Boissiera 68: 357-375 - get paper here
  • Roberto, Igor Joventino; Cícero Ricardo de Oliveira, João Antonio de Araújo Filho, Herivelto Faustino de Oliveira, Robson Waldemar Ávila 2017. The herpetofauna of the Serra do Urubu mountain range: a key biodiversity area for conservation in the brazilian atlantic forest. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 57 (27): 347-373 - get paper here
  • ROCHA, CARLOS FREDERICO D.; HELENA G.BERGALLO, JOSÉ P. POMBAL JR., LENA GEISE, MONIQUE VAN SLUYS, RONALDO FERNANDES, ULISSES CARAMASCHI 2004. FAUNA DE ANFÍBIOS, RÉPTEIS E MAMÍFEROS DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO, SUDESTE DO BRASIL. Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro (104): 3-23 - get paper here
  • RODRIGUES NEHEMY, IBRAHIM KAMEL; THAYLLON ORZECHOWSKY GOMES, FERNANDA PAIVA, WESLEY KAUAN KUBO, JOÃO EMÍLIO DE ALMEIDA JÚNIOR, NATHAN FERNANDES NEVES & VINICIUS DE AVELAR SÃO PEDRO. 2022. Herpeto-commerce: A look at the illegal online trade of amphibians and reptiles in Brazil. Cuadernos de Herpetología 36(2): 185–196. - get paper here
  • Rodrigues, M.T. 2003. Herpetofauna da Caatinga. In: I.R. Leal, M. Tabarelli & J.M.C. Silva (eds.). Ecologia e conservação da Caatinga, pp. 181-236. Editora Universitária, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil.
  • Roncolatto-Ortiz, Flora; Herbert Serafim, Angelita Pereira Rodrigues, Arthur Diesel Abegg, Francisco Luis Franco 2017. Snakes from Municipality of São José do Barreiro, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Herpetology Notes 10: 479-486 - get paper here
  • Rowley, Paul 2003. The development of a safe restraint method for handling adult specimens of the neotropical rattlesnake Crotalus durissus. Litteratura Serpentium 23 (1): 40-45 - get paper here
  • RUEDA-SOLANO, LUÍS ALBERTO; JEINER CASTELLANOS- BARLIZA 2010. HERPETOFAUNA DE NEGUANJE, PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL TAYRONA, CARIBE COLOMBIANO. Acta biol. Colomb. 15 (1): 195 - 206 - get paper here
  • Sage, R. D.; Capredon, E. E. 1971. La distribucion de la cascabel (Crotalus durissus terrificus (Laurentius) en Argentina y su significado zoogeographico. Neotropica 17 (54): 133-136
  • Sampaio ILR, Santos CP, França RC, Pedrosa IMMC, Solé M, França FGR 2018. Ecological diversity of a snake assemblage from the Atlantic Forest at the south coast of Paraíba, northeast Brazil. ZooKeys 787: 107-125 - get paper here
  • Sandner-Montilla F 1980. Una nueva especie del genero Crotalus (Serpentes, Crotalidae, Crotalinae) del sur del estado Guarico, Venezuela. MEMORIAS CIENTIFICA DE OFIDIOLOGIA (No. 5): 1-12
  • Santos, D.L.; S.P. Andrade; E.P. Victor-Jr.; W. Vaz-Silva 2014. Amphibians and reptiles from southeastern Goiás, Central Brazil. Check List 10 (1): 131-148 - get paper here
  • Santos, Marina Meireles dos; Robson Waldemar Ávila and Ricardo Alexandre Kawashita-Ribeiro. 2011. Checklist of the amphibians and reptiles in Nobres municipality, Mato Grosso state, central Brazil. Herpetology Notes 4: 55-461 - get paper here
  • Santos, Selma Maria Almeida 2021. Mating behaviour of free-ranging Neotropical rattlesnakes, Crotalus durissus. Herpetology Notes 14: 225-227 - get paper here
  • Scott Jr., N.J. & Limerick, S. 1983. Reptiles and Amhibians. In: Janzen, D.H. (ed.) Costa Rican Natural History. Univeristy of Chicago Press, pp. 351-
  • Scott, Norman J.;Lovett, Jonny Wayne 1975. A collection of reptiles and amphibians from the Chaco of Paraguay. The University of Connecticut Occasional Papers, Biological Series 2 (16): 257-266
  • Scrocchi, G.J.; Moreta, J.C. & Kretzschmar, S. 2006. Serpientes del Noroeste Argento [Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Catamarca, La Rioja, Santiago del Estero]. Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, 178 pp.
  • Señaris, Josefa Celsa; Gilson Rivas y César Molina 2009. Capitulo 4: Anfibios y Reptiles del Parque Nacional Canaima, Venezuela In: Señaris, J. C., D. Lew y C. Lasso. 2009. Biodiversidad del Parque Nacional Canaima: bases técnicas para la conservación de la guayana venezolana. Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales y The nature Conservancy, Caracas, 256 pp. - get paper here
  • Señaris, J. Celsa; María Matilde Aristeguieta Padrón, Haidy Rojas Gil y Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic 2018. Guía ilustrada de los anfibios y reptiles del valle de Caracas, Venezuela. Ediciones IVIC, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC). Caracas, Venezuela. 348 pp.
  • Silva, M.C. da, R.H. de Oliveira, D.H. Morais, R.A. Kawashita-Ribeiro, E.S. de Brito & R.W. Ávila 2015. Amphibians and reptiles of a Cerrado area in Primavera do Leste Municipality, Mato Grosso State, Central Brazil. Salamandra 51 (2): 187-194 - get paper here
  • Silva, Marcélia Basto da; Wáldima Alves da Rocha, Janete Diane Nogueira-Paranhos 2016. Checklist of reptiles of the Amazonia-Caatinga-Cerrado ecotonal zone in eastern Maranhão, Brazil. Herpetology Notes 9: 7-14 - get paper here
  • Silva-Lucas, Priscila; Iara Alves Novelli, Bernadete Maria de Sousa 2016. Assemblage of squamate reptiles in a natural remnant of Cerrado in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Check List 12 (2): 1-9 - get paper here
  • Souza Filho, Gilberto Alves de; Fernanda Stender de Oliveira 2015. Squamate reptiles from Mauá Hydroelectric Power Plant, state of Paraná, southern Brazil. Check List 11 (6): 1800 - get paper here
  • Souza, Kariny de; Rafael Damasceno Fernandes Coelho, Paulo Mauricio Almeida Guimarães Reis, Patricia Avello Nicola, Luiz Cezar Machado Pereira and Leonardo Barros Ribeiro. 2013. Predation of the spix’s yellow-toothed cavy, Galea spixii (Rodentia: Caviidae) by the tropical rattlesnake Crotalus durissus cascavella (Serpentes: Viperidae) in the semi-arid region of Brazil. Herpetology Notes 6: 277-279.
  • Starace, Fausto 1998. Guide des Serpents et Amphisbènes de Guyane. IBIS Rouge Editions, Guadeloupe, Guyane, 450 pp.
  • Starace, Fausto 2013. Guide des Serpents et Amphisbènes de Guyane. Ibis Rouge Editions, Matoury, Guyane, ISBN 978-2-84450-407-4 - get paper here
  • Stille, B. 1987. Dorsal scale microdermatoglyphics and rattlesnake (Crotalus and Sistrurus) phylogeny (Reptilia: Viperidae: Crotalinae). Herpetologica 43: 98-104 - get paper here
  • Stuart, L. C. 1935. A contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of Central Peten, Guatemala. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Miscellaneous Publications 29: 1-56 - get paper here
  • Tozetti, Alexandro M.; Vettorazzo, Victor; Martins, Marcio 2009. Short-term movements of the South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus) in southeastern Brazil. The Herpetological Journal 19: 201-206 - get paper here
  • Travaglia Cardoso, Silvia R. and Ana C. Parpinelli 2006. Crotalus durissus terrificus. A case of xanthism. Herpetological Bulletin 97: 38-39 - get paper here
  • Trutnau, L. 2002. Bemerkungen zur Verbreitung, Biologie und Taxonomie der Tropischen Klapperschlange Crotalus durissus sowie zur Pflege und Zucht der Unterart C. d. terrificus. Herpetofauna 24 (140): 13-24 - get paper here
  • Uetanabaro, Masao; Franco Leandro Souza, Paulo Landgref Filho,<br>Arlindo Figueira Beda & Reuber Albuquerque Brandão 2007. Anfíbios e répteis do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 7 (3) - get paper here
  • Ugueto, G.N. & Rivas, G.A. 2010. Amphibians and Reptiles of Margarita, Coche and Cubagua. Frankfurt Contributions to Natural History, Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, 350 pp
  • VALENCIA-HERNÁNDEZ, Ángel Alberto; Irene GOYENECHEA & Jesús Martín CASTILLO-CERÓN 2007. NOTES ON SCUTELLATION, LENGTH, AND DISTRIBUTION OF RATTLESNAKES (SERPENTES: VIPERIDADE: CROTALUS) IN THE STATE OF HIDALGO, MEXICO. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n.s.) 23 (3):29-33 - get paper here
  • Vanzolini, P. E. 1947. Notas sobre um derodimo de Crotalus durissus terrificus (Laur.) Nota nomenclaural sobre Leimadophis almada (Wagler, 1824)(= Leimadophis almadensis Auct.). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 8 (24): 273-283 - get paper here
  • Vanzolini, P.E. & CALLEFFO, E.V. 2002. A taxonomic bibliography of the South American snakes of the Crotalus durissus complex (Serpentes, Viperidae). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 74(1): 37–83 - get paper here
  • VARELA RIOS, C.H.V., NOVELLI, I.A., HUDSON, A.A., COZENDEY, P., LIMA, L.C., SOUSA, B.M. 2017. Communities and occurrences of Squamata reptiles in different vegetation types of the Serra de São José, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Biota Neotropica 17(1): e20150103 - get paper here
  • Vaz-Silva, W. et al. 2007. Herpetofauna, Espora Hydroelectric Power Plant, state of Goiás, Brazil. Check List 3 (4): 338-345 - get paper here
  • Vechio, Francisco Dal; Mauro Teixeira Jr., Renato Sousa Recoder, Miguel Trefault Rodrigues & Hussam Zaher 2016. The herpetofauna of Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, state of Piauí, Brazil, with a regional species list from an ecotonal area of Cerrado and Caatinga. Biota Neotropica 16(3): e20150105 - get paper here
  • Vences M., Franzen M., Flaschendräger A., Schmitt R. & Regös J. 1998. Beobachtungen zur Herpetofauna von Nicaragua: kommentierte Artenliste der Reptilien. Salamandra 34 (1): 17-42 - get paper here
  • Viana, P. F., Ezaz, T., de Bello Cioffi, M., Liehr, T., Al-Rikabi, A., Goll, L. G., ... & Feldberg, E. 2020. Landscape of snake’sex chromosomes evolution spanning 85 MYR reveals ancestry of sequences despite distinct evolutionary trajectories. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 1-14 (12499) - get paper here
  • Vitt, L. J.; Caldwell, J. P.; Colli, G. R.; Garda, A. A.; Mesquita, D. O.; França, F. G. R. e Balbino, S. F. 2002. Um guia fotográfico dos répteis e anfíbios da região do Jalapão no Cerrado brasileiro. Norman, Oklahoma: Special Publications in Herpetology. San Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Weima, André 1992. Crotalus durissus vegrandis in captivity. Litteratura Serpentium 12 (5): 81-85 - get paper here
  • Werning, H. 2009. Das Serpentarium des Snakeparadise in Eschlikon in der Schweiz. Reptilia (Münster) 14 (79): 76-82 - get paper here
  • Wüster, W. & Bérnils, R.S. 2011. On the generic classification of the rattlesnakes, with special reference to the Neotropical Crotalus durissus complex (Squamata: Viperidae). ZOOLOGIA 28 (4): 417–419 - get paper here
  • WÜSTER, WOLFGANG; JULIA E. FERGUSON; J. ADRIAN QUIJADA-MASCAREÑAS; CATHARINE E. POOK; MARIA DA GRAÇA SALOMÃO and ROGER S. THORPE 2005. Tracing an invasion: landbridges, refugia, and the phylogeography of the Neotropical rattlesnake (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus durissus). Molecular Ecology 14: 1095–1108 - get paper here
  • Zaher H, Murphy RW, Arredondo JC, Graboski R, Machado-Filho PR, Mahlow K, et al. 2019. Large-scale molecular phylogeny, morphology, divergence-time estimation, and the fossil record of advanced caenophidian snakes (Squamata: Serpentes). PLoS ONE 14(5): e0216148 - get paper here
  • Zaher, Hussam; Fausto Erritto BarboI; Paola Sanchez Martínez; Cristiano Nogueira; Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues; Ricardo Jannini Sawaya 2011. Répteis do Estado de São Paulo: conhecimento atual e perspectivas. Biota Neotropica, 11 (1): 1–15. - get paper here
 
External links  
Is it interesting? Share with others:

As link to this species use URL address:

https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Crotalus&species=durissus

without field 'search_param'. Field 'search_param' is used for browsing search result.



Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator