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Crotalus horridus LINNAEUS, 1758

IUCN Red List - Crotalus horridus - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaViperidae, Crotalinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Timber rattlesnake, cane-brake rattlesnake (atricaudatus)
G: Wald-Klapperschlange (atricaudatus) 
SynonymCrotalus horridus horridus LINNAEUS 1758: 824
Crotalus horridus LINNAEUS 1758: 214
Crotalus boiquira LACÉPÈDE 1788-1789 (2): 527
Crotalus atricaudatus LATREILLE 1802: 209
Crotalus zetazomae BRICKELL 1805: 164
Crotalinus cyanurus RAFINESQUE 1818: 446
Crotalurus cyanurus — RAFINESQUE 1820: 5
Crotalus catesbaei HEMPRICH 1820: 387
Caudisona horrida — FLEMING 1822: 294
Crotalus horridus — LE CONTE 1852: 415
Crotalus horridus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 1472
Crotalus horridus var. atricaudatus — GARMAN 1884: plate IX
Crotalus horridus — BOULENGER 1896
Crotalus horridus atricaudatus GLOYD 1935
Crotalus horridus horridus — GLOYD 1935
Crotalus horridus — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 233
Crotalus horridus — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 285
Crotalus horridus atricaudatus — DIXON 2000
Crotalus horridus horridus — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 512
Crotalus horridus atricaudatus — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 516
Crotalus horridus — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004: 548
Crotalus horridus atricaudatus — LOVE 2007
Crotalus horridus — HOSER 2009
Crotalus horridus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 191 
DistributionCanada (Ontario),
E USA (E Texas, E Oklahoma, E Kansas, SE Nebraska, SE Minnesota, S/E Iowa, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana without SW, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, N Florida, South Carolina, most of North Carolina, W/NW/SE Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, S Indiana, S/E Illinois, SW Wisconsin, SC Ohio, Tennessee, W Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, S Vermont)

Type locality: “America”

atricaudatus: E Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, Virginia  
Reproductionovovivparous. C. atrox and C. horridus may hybridize in nature (Meike t al. 2008). Schuett et al. (1997) provide evidence for facultative parthenogenesis in this species. 
TypesType: lost, according to Klauber (1956:35); originally in King Adolph Frideric collection and later sent to the Royal Zoological State Museum in Stockholm, Sweden (NRM = NHRM), fide MCDIARMID et al. 1999. 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): Snakes of the genus Crotalus are small to large viperids characterized by presence of a rattle, a moderate (e.g., Crotalus stejnegeri) to extremely short tail, absence of a nasal pore, position of the facial pit below the naso-ocular line, and entire subcaudals (Burger 1971; Gutberlet and Harvey 2002). The dorsal head plates are heavily fractured in all species except the most basal member of the clade (Murphy et al. 2002), Crotalus ravus, which retains the colubrid arrangement of head plates (Harvey 2005: 24).


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CommentVenomous!

Subspecies: Pisani (1972) found that characters in C. horridus tend to be clinal and therefore recommended not to recognize subspecies. This was confirmed by Allsteadt et al. (2006). However, Brown & Ernst (1986) defended subspecies.

Type species: Crotalus horridus LINNAEUS 1758 is the type species of the genus Crotalus LINNAEUS 1758.

Phylogenetics: Blair & Sánchez-Ramírez 2016 published a detailed molecular analysis of rattlesnakes. For a phylogenetic analysis of the Crotalus durissus species group see C. durissus.

Synonymy: Kaiser et al. 2013 considered the generic names Rattlewellsus Hoser 2012, Cottonus Hoser 2009, Crutchfieldus Hoser 2009, Cummingea Hoser 2009, Edwardsus Hoser 2009, Hoserea Hoser 2009, Matteoea Hoser 2009, Mullinsus Hoser 2009, Piersonus Hoser 2009, Pillotus Hoser 2009, Rentonus Hoser 2012, Sayersus Hoser 2009, Smythus Hoser 2009 invalid and rejected their use instead of Crotalus.

Nomenclature: Hoser’s 2009 classification and nomenclature has been rejected as unnecessary and unavailable by WÜSTER & BERNILS 2011.

Venomics (all rattlesnakes): Phan et al. 2023

Key to species: Klauber 1941: 227 (with illustrations) 
EtymologyNamed after Latin horridus = spiny, rough, wild, horrible.

The genus was named after the Greek word krotalon, meaning "rattle." 
References
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