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Crotaphytus collaris (SAY, 1822)

IUCN Red List - Crotaphytus collaris - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaCrotaphytidae, Iguania, Sauria, Squamata (lizards)
SubspeciesCrotaphytus collaris auriceps FITCH & TANNER 1951
Crotaphytus collaris collaris (SAY 1822)
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi STEJNEGER 1890
Crotaphytus collaris fuscus INGRAM & TANNER 1971
Crotaphytus collaris melanomaculatus AXTELL & WEBB 1995 
Common NamesE: Collared Lizard
G: Halsband Leguan (auriceps: Goldkopf-Halsbandleguan)
S: Cachorón de Collar 
SynonymAgama collaris SAY in JAMES 1822: 252
Crotaphytus collaris — HOLBROOK 1842
Leiosaurus collaris — DUMÉRIL 1856: 532
Crotaphytus collaris — BOULENGER 1885: 203
Crotaphytus collaris — COPE 1900
Crotaphytus dickersonae SCHMIDT 1922 (fide SMITH & TAYLOR 1950)
Crotaphytus collaris collaris — SMITH 1946
Crotaphytus dickersonae — SMITH & TAYLOR 1950: 93
Crotaphytus collaris — STEBBINS 1985: 120
Crotaphytus collaris — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 96
Crotaphytus collaris — LINER 1994
Crotaphytus collaris — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009
Crotaphytus collaris — HEIMES 2022

Crotaphytus collaris auriceps FITCH & TANNER 1951
Crotaphytus collaris auriceps — SMITH & TANNER 1974
Crotaphytus collaris dickersonae (MONTANUCCI, AXTELL & DESSAUER 1975)
Crotaphytus collaris auriceps — STEBBINS 1985: 120
Crotaphytus dickersonae — PIANKA & VITT 2003: 162
Crotaphytus collaris auriceps — MERKER et al. 2004

Crotaphytus collaris baileyi STEJNEGER 1890
Crotaphytus baileyi STEJNEGER 1890: 103 (fide COPE 1898: 250)
Crotaphytus baileyi STEJNEGER 1893: 165
Crotaphytes collaris baileyi — STONE & REHN 1903: 30
Crotaphytes collaris baileyi — ORTENBURGER & ORTENBURGER 1927
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi — TAYLOR 1938: 480
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi — KLAUBER 1939
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi — SCHMIDT & OWENS 1944
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi — SMITH 1946
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi — JAMESON & FLURY 1949
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi — WILLIAMS et al. 1960
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi — BANTA 1962
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi — SMITH & HOLLAND 1971
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi — SMITH & TANNER 1974
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi — MONTANUCCI et al. 1975
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi — LINER et al. 1993
Crotaphytus collaris baileyi — LAZCANO-VILLAREAL & DIXON 2002

Crotaphytus collaris fuscus INGRAM & TANNER 1971
Crotaphytus collaris fuscus — SMITH & TANNER 1974
Crotaphytus collaris fuscus — TANNER 1987
Crotaphytus collaris fuscus — MERKER et al. 2004

Crotaphytus collaris melanomaculatus AXTELL & WEBB 1995
Crotaphytus collaris melanomaculatus — LEMOS-ESPINAL et al. 2018 
DistributionUSA (Arizona, Nevada, SE Utah, S Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Arkansas),
Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, N Durango, Coahuila, N Zacatecas, Nuevo Leon; W Louisiana)

auriceps: E Utah, NW Colorado; Type locality: "3 1/2 mi. NNE Dewey, west side of the Colorado River, Grand County, Utah".

baileyi: USA (New Mexico, Utah, Texas), Mexico (Coahuila); Type locality: "Painted Desert, Little Colorado River, Arizona"

collaris: Texas

fuscus: USA (New Mexico, W Texas); Mexico (Chihuahua); Type locality: "6.5 mi. N and 1.5 mi. W of Chihuahua City, Chihuahua, Mexico".

melanomaculatus: Mexico (NE Durango, Coahuila, N Zacatecas, S Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, SW Tamaulipas). Type locality: 3.8 km S, 1.7 km E Graseros on the highway to Presa Francisco Zarca, el 1250 m, Durango, Mexico (25 14′ 10″N, 103 47′W)  
Reproductionoviparous. There may be temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) or temperature-dependent survival rates in both sexes (Santoyo-Brito et al. 2017). 
TypesHolotype: lost, originally ANSP
Holotype: KU 29934, paratype: BYU [auriceps]
Holotype: USNM 15821 [baileyi]
Holotype: BYU 16970 [fuscus]
Holotype: UTEP 15915 [melanomaculatus]
Holotype: Los Angeles Co. Mus. No. 126617 [nebrius] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Crotaphytus collaris may be distinguished from all other species of Crotaphytus by the absence of dark brown or black pigmentation in the gular fold (= ventrally complete anterior collar) of adult males. It may be further distinguished from C. reticulatus and C. antiquus by the absence of a reticulate dorsal pattern in adults of both sexes and from C. reticulatus by the absence of jet black femoral pores in males. It may be further distinguished from C. dickersonae, C. grismeri, C. bicinctores, C. vestigium, and C. insularis by the absence in adult males of enlarged dark brown or black inguinal patches, a laterally compressed tail, a white or pale tan dorsal caudal stripe, and a pale tan or off-white patternless region on the dorsal surface of the head. It may be further distinguished from C.grismeri, C. bicincfores, C. vesfigium,and C. insularis by the presence of black oral melanin (McGuire 1996: 76).


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CommentSubspecies: COLLINS & TAGGART 2009 do not distinguish any subspecies in North America. However, they (and other authors) consider all or some former subspecies either as synonyms of collaris or as full species. The AMNH checklist does not recognize any subspecies either (see link).

Synonymy: Montanucci et al. (1975) synonymized C. c. auriceps with C. c. baileyi. However, a number of authors continue to recognize auriceps. Cope 1900 synonymized baileyi with collaris as did other subsequent authors. Crotaphytus collaris baileyi hybridizes with C. (insularis) bicinctores but hybrids appear to have lower fitness (Montanucci 1983).

Type species: Agama collaris SAY 1823 is the type species of the genus Crotaphytus HOLBROOK 1842.

McGuire 1996 does not diagnose Crotaphytus moprhologically but only “defines” it as being “the clade stemming from the most recent common ancestor of Crotaphytus collaris and all species that are more closely related to that species than to Gambelia.” 
EtymologyThe species is named after the Latin word collaris meaning collar (Lemos-Espinal & Dixon 2013).

Crotaphytus dickersonae was named after Mary Cynthia Dickerson (1866-1923), former curator of Ichthyology and Herpetology at the American Museum of Natural History (1909-1921).

The genus name is derived from the Greek words krotaphos, meaning “side of head” and phyton, meaning "creature," applied in reference to then enlarged muscles on the posterior of the head.  
References
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