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Epictia munoai (OREJAS-MIRANDA, 1961)

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Higher TaxaLeptotyphlopidae, Epictinae, Epictini, Typhlopoidea, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Rio Grande do Sul Blind Snake
Portuguese: Cobra-Cega-Amarela, Cobra-Cega-Minhoca-Comum, Cobra-Cega-Sulina 
SynonymLeptotyphlops munoai OREJAS-MIRANDA 1961
Leptotyphlops munoai — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 38
Epictia munoai — ADALSTEINSSON, BRANCH, TRAPE, VITT & HEDGES 2009
Epictia munoai — WALLACH et al. 2014: 277
Epictia munoai — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionN Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones), Uruguay, Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)

Type locality: Pozo Hondo, Tambores, Departamento de Tacuarembo, Uruguay  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: MBUCV 4547 (Museo de Biologia de la Universidad Central de Venezuela).
Paratypes. MBUCV 4548-49, 4551, Pozo Hondo, Tambores, Tacuarembó Departament, Uruguay, M.A. Klappenback and P.R. San Martin, 12 October, 1956.MHNM 063 PozoHondo, Tambores, Tacuarembó Departament, Uruguay, M.A. Klappenback and P.R. San Martin, September, 1956. MHNM 068, Pozo Hondo, Tambores, Tacuarembó Departament, Uruguay, M.A. Klappenback and P.R. San Martin, September, 1956. MHNM 2771-96, Pozo Hondo, Tambores, Tacuarembó Departament, Uruguay, M.A. Klappenback and P.R. San Martin, September, 1956. AMNH 91508 (MHNM 063H), PozoHondo, Tambores, Tacuarembó Departament, Uruguay, M.A. Klappenback and P.R. San Martin, September, 1956. CM 38970 (This specimen belongs to MHNM 063 sample; however, no additional information could be found [S.P. Rogers, pers. comm.]), Pozo Hondo, Tambores, Tacuarembó Departament, Uruguay, M.A. Klappenback and P.R. San Martin, September, 1956. MNRJ 3306 (MHNM 068C; Fig. 02), Pozo Hondo, Tambores, Tacuarembó Department, Uruguay, M.A. Klappenback and P. R. San Martin, 12 October, 1956. MHNM 071,Pozo Hondo, Tambores, Tacuarembó Department, Uruguay, M.A. Klappenback and P.R. San Martin, 22 September, 1957. MHNM 2765-70, Pozo Hondo, Tambores, Tacuarembó Department, Uruguay, M.A. Klappenback and P.R. San Martin, 22 September, 1957. CAS 93104 (MHNM 0107G), Pozo Hondo, Tambores, Tacuarembó Departament, Uruguay, M.A. Klappenback and P.R. San Martin, 12 October, 1957. USNM 163506 (MHNM 0107J), Pozo Hondo, Tambores, Tacuarembó Departament, Uruguay, M.A. Klappenback and P.R. San Martin, 12 October, 1957. MHNM 2797-2809, Pozo Hondo, Tambores, Tacuarembó Department, Uruguay, M.A. Klappenback and P.R. San Martin, 12 October, 1957. MHNM 0871, Arroyo Cuaró (30°35’S, 056°50’W), Artigas Departament, Uruguay, A.Y. Ximénez, February, 1960. MHNM 0872, no specific locality, Montevideo Departament, Uruguay 1891. MHNM 0873, no specific locality, Cerro Largo Departament, Uruguay, Lucas, 1925. MHNM 0874, Sierra de la Aurora (31°03’S, 055°43’W), Rivera Departament, Uruguay P.R. San Martin, 24 March, 1961. MACN 1048, San Isidro (34°28’S, 058°30’W), San Isidro Department, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, J. Plinch, 1895. MACN 12487, Sierra de la Ventana (38°07’S, 061°58’W), Torniquist Department, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, M. Biraben and I. Scott, February, 1948 (from Francisco et a. 2012). 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) snout truncate or rounded in dorsal view, and rounded in ventral and lateral views; (2) two supralabials (1+1); (3) three infralabials; (4) supraocular scale present, not in contact with first supralabial; (5) rostral scale subtriangular or triangular in dorsal view; (6) ocular subpentagonal, with pointed apex; (7) eyes positioned on midanterior portion of ocular; (8) temporals not distinct; (9) occipitals extend to the level of second supralabial; (10) fused caudals absent; (11) middorsal scales 184-225 in males and 202-226 in females; (12) ventral scales 178-219 in males and 184-211 in females; (13) subcaudals 10-13 in males and 10-14 in females; (14) 10 scales around the middle of the tail; (15) striped pattern RB with ground color whitish-cream; and venter light brown (Francisco et al. 2012). 
CommentDistribution: see map in ARREDONDO & ZAHER 2010. Although reported from Paraguay, specimens from Paraguay have been recently assigned to Epictia vellardi (Cacciali et al. 2016). See map in Nogueira et al. 2019. 
EtymologyNamed after Juan Ignacio Muñoa (1925-1960), zoologist and anthropologist in the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural y Antropologia, Montevideo, Uruguay. 
References
  • Adalsteinsson, S.A.; Branch, W.R.; Trapé, S.; Vitt, L.J. & Hedges, S.B. 2009. Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the Family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata). Zootaxa 2244: 1-50 - get paper here
  • Arredondo, Juan Camilo and Hussam Zaher 2010. A New Species of Epictia (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) from Central Brazil. South American J. Herp. 5 (3): 189–198 - get paper here
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • Carreira Vidal, Santiago 2002. Alimentación de los ofidios de Uruguay. Asoc. Herp. Esp., Monograf. Herp. 6, 127 pp. - get paper here
  • Carreira, S.; Brazeiro, A.; Camargo, A.; da Rosa, I.; Canavero, A. & Maneyro, M. 2012. DIVERSITY OF REPTILES OF URUGUAY: KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION GAPS. Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2a época) 21 (1-2): 9-29 - get paper here
  • FRANCISCO, BÁRBARA CRISTINA S.; ROBERTA R. PINTO & DANIEL S. FERNANDES 2012. Taxonomy of Epictia munoai (Orejas-Miranda, 1961) (Squamata: Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae). Zootaxa 3512: 42–52 - get paper here
  • Giraudo,A.R. 1999. New records of snakes from Argentina. Herpetological Review 30 (3): 179-181 - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Hedges, S.B., Marion, A.B., Lipp, K.M., Marin, J. & Vidal, N. 2014. A taxonomic framework for typhlopid snakes from the Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata). Caribbean Herpetology 49: 1–61 - get paper here
  • Lema, T. d. & Dotto, C. P. 2012. Epictia munoai (Uruguayan blindsnake) aggregation. Herpetological Review 43: 344 - get paper here
  • Machín, Victoria; Emilia Rossini, Carlos Prigioni, Francisco Kolenc, Alejandro Crampet, Claudio Borteiro, José Manuel Verdes 2018. Hypopigmentation in wild snakes from Uruguay. Herpetology Notes 11: 1051-1053 - get paper here
  • McDiarmid, R.W.; Campbell, J.A. & Touré,T.A. 1999. Snake species of the world. Vol. 1. [type catalogue] Herpetologists’ League, 511 pp.
  • Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Antonio J.S. Argôlo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Josué A. Azevedo, Fausto E. Barbo, Renato S. Bérnils, Bruna E. Bolochio, Marcio Borges-Martins, Marcela Brasil-Godinho, Henrique Braz, Marcus A. Buononato, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American J. Herp. 14 (Special Issue 1):1-274 - get paper here
  • Orejas-Miranda, Braulio R. 1961. Una nueva especie de ofidio de la familia Leptotyphlopidae. Act. Biol. Venezuelica, Caracas, 3: 83-97
  • Orejas-Miranda, Braulio R. 1962. Description del Hemipenis de Leptotyphlops munoai Orejas-Miranda, 1961. Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia natural de Montevideo 7 (97): 1-5
  • Outeiral, Arlete B.; Rafael L. Balestrin, Lize H. Cappellari, Thales de Lema, Vanda Lúcia Ferreira 2018. Snake assemblage from Serra do Sudeste, Pampa Biome in Southern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 11: 733-745 - get paper here
  • Prigioni, C.; C. Borteiro; F. Kolenc. 2011. Amphibia and Reptilia, Quebrada de los Cuervos, Departamento de Treinta y Tres, Uruguay. Check List 7 (6): 763-767 - get paper here
  • Souza Filho, G.A.; L.Verrastro 2012. Reptiles of the Parque Estadual de Itapuã, state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Check List 8(5):847-851 - get paper here
  • Vera, David G, Diego O Di Pietro, Clara Trofino Falasco, Germán Tettamanti, Luciana Iriarte, Micaela Harkes, Federico P Kacoliris, and Igor Berkunsky. 2022. Identifying Key Conservation Sites for the Reptiles of the Tandilia Mountains in Pampas Highlands. Journal for Nature Conservation, 126321 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
 
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