Erythrolamprus epinephalus (COPE, 1862)
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Higher Taxa | Colubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes) |
Subspecies | Erythrolamprus epinephalus albiventris (JAN 1863) Erythrolamprus epinephalus bimaculatus (COPE 1899) Erythrolamprus epinephalus epinephalus (COPE 1862) Erythrolamprus epinephalus fraseri (BOULENGER 1894) Erythrolamprus epinephalus juvenalis (DUNN 1937) Erythrolamprus epinephalus kogiorum (BERNAL-CARLO 1994) Erythrolamprus epinephalus lamonae (DUNN 1944) Erythrolamprus epinephalus opisthotaenius (BOULENGER 1908) Erythrolamprus epinephalus pseudocobella (PERACCA 1914) |
Common Names | albiventris: S: Culebra boba verde |
Synonym | Liophis epinephalus COPE 1862: 78 Liophis epinephelus — BOULENGER 1894 (in error fide SAVAGE 2000: 581) Leimadophis epinephelus — AMARAL 1929: 165 Leimadophis epinephelus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 143 Liophis epinephelus — KORNACKER 1999: 104 Liophis epinephalus — SAVAGE 2000: 580 Liophis epinephalus — SOLORZANO 2004 Erythrolamprus epinephelus — GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012 Liophis epinephelus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 381 Erythrolamprus epinephalus albiventris (JAN 1863) Liophis reginae var. albiventris JAN 1863: 294 Liophis reginae var. albiventris — JAN 1866 Opheomorphus alticolus COPE 1868: 102 Liophis albiventris — COPE 1899: 12 Lygophis taeniurus albiventris — AMARAL 1931: 87 Leimadophis albiventris — DUNN 1944: 481 Liophis epinephelus albiventris — DIXON 1983 Erythrolamprus epinephelus albiventris — RAMÍREZ-JARAMILLO 2015 Erythrolamprus epinephelus albiventris — CADENA-ORTIZ et al. 2017 Liophis albiventris — SAVAGE & MCDIARMID 2018: 61 Erythrolamprus epinephalus bimaculatus (COPE 1899) Liophis bimaculatus COPE 1899: 11 Liophis bipraeocularis BOULENGER 1903: 351 Leimadophis bimaculatus bimaculatus — DUNN 1944: 484 Leimadophis taeniurus bipraeocularis — BEEBE 1946: 30 Liophis epinephelus ecuadoriensis LAURENT 1949 Leimadophis epinephelus ecuadoriensis LAURENT 1949: 8 Leimadophis bimaculatus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 143 Leimadophis epinephelus ecuadoriensis — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970 Liophis epinephelus bimaculatus — VANZOLINI in PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1986 Liophis epinephelus bimaculatus — ROJAS-MORALES 2012 Erythrolamprus epinephelus bimaculatus — ESCALONA 2017 Erythrolamprus epinephalus fraseri (BOULENGER 1894) Liophis fraseri BOULENGER 1894: 131 Leimadophis fraseri — AMARAL 1929: 166 Liophis epinephelus fraseri — DIXON 1983 Liophis fraseri — VANZOLINI in PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1986 Erythrolamprus epinephalus kogiorum (BERNAL-CARLO 1994) Liophis epinephelus kogiorum BERNAL-CARLO 1994 Liophis miliaris kogiorum — DIXON 2000 (in error ?) Liophis epinephelus kogiorum — ROJAS-RUNJAIC et al. 2007 Erythrolamprus epinephalus lamonae (DUNN 1944) Leimadophis bimaculatus lamonae DUNN 1944: 486 Leimadophis bimaculatus lamonae — LAURENT 1949: 8 Liophis bimaculatus lamonae — DIXON 1983 Liophis bimaculatus lamonae — VANZOLINI in PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1986 Liophis epinephelus lamonae — DIXON 1989: 13 Erythrolamprus epinephalus juvenalis (DUNN 1937) Leimadophis taeniurus juvenalis DUNN 1937: 213 Leimadophis epinephelus juvenalis — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970 Erythrolamprus epinephalus opisthotaenius (BOULENGER 1908) Liophis opisthotaenia BOULENGER 1908 Liophis epinephelus opisthotaenius — ESQUEDA et al. 2007 Erythrolamprus epinephalus pseudocobella (PERACCA 1914) Liophis pseudocobella PERACCA 1914: 99 Leimadophis pseudocobella — AMARAL 1929: 167 Liophis cobella alticolus AMARAL 1931: 87 Leimadophis pseudocobella — DUNN 1944: 484 Leimadophis pseudocobella — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 148 Liophis epinephelus pseudocobella — DIXON 1983 Liophis epinephelus pseudocobella — ROJAS-MORALES 2012 |
Distribution | Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia (Valle del Cauca), Venezuela, NW Ecuador, Peru Type locality: New Granada (Colombia), Truando. albiventris: Ecuador, Colombia [Castro,F. (pers. comm.)]; Type locality: Western Andes of Ecuador and “fra Lacutunga e Guayaquil”, Ecuador. bimaculatus: Colombia, Venezuela (Mérida, Táchira), Ecuador; Type locality: Colombia. “Presumably from the vicinity of Bogotá” fide DUNN 1944: 484 fraseri: W Ecuador, Peru (Huancabamba); Type locality: Western Ecuador juvenalis: Costa Rica; Type locality: San Jose, Costa Rica. kogiorum: Colombia (Magdalena), Venezuela (Zulia); Type locality: Ciudad Perdida,Sierra Nevadade Santa Marta, Departamento de Magdalena, Colombia, 1100 m elevation. lamonae: Colombia (Andean slopes, 1,500 - 2,600 m elevation), south to EC Ecuador opisthotaenius: Venezuela (Merida, Barinas, Táchira, Trujillo, Zulia, Falcón) [HR 33: 68], Colombia (Paramo de Tama). pseudocobella: W Colombia (Andes), Ecuador; Type locality: Angelópolis, Colombia |
Reproduction | oviparous |
Types | Holotype: ANSP 3688 Holotype: IBSP 5312, paratype: IBSP 5313 [Liophis cobella alticolus] Holotype: ANSP 3687 [juvenalis] Holotype: MRSN (also as MSNTO) R1512 [pseudocobella] Holotype: MLS (Instituto La Salle, Bogota) [lamonae] Holotype: IAvH 3230 (formerly IND 3230), adult male [kogiorum] Holotype: BMNH 1908.5.29.146-147 [opisthotaenius] Holotype: MCZ 51329 [opisthotaenius] Syntypes: MNHN-RA 0204, ZSM 1783/0 (not 1782/0 as mentioned in Savage & McDiarmid 2017), 2 specimens from "Ecuador", collected by M. Wagner, no date [albiventris] Holotype: USNM 6703 [Opheomorphus alticolus] Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.6.63 [fraseri] Syntypes: unlocated, reported to be PCM 29 or 42 (Philadelphia Commercial Museum) (5 specimens), not in ANSP fide M. Sabaj and N. Gilmore, pers. comm., 21 May 2019 [bimaculatus] |
Diagnosis | |
Comment | Synonymy: partly after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970 and updated following DIXON 1983 and VANZOLINI 1986. Cope corrected the name in an erratum sheet to “epinephelus”. However, Savage 2000: 581 considers the original epinephalus as correct. Torres-Carvajal & Hinojosa 2020 argued that epinephelus is correct though. Distribution: The snakes from Costa Rica (Bebedero, Guanacaste Province, and Irazu, Cartago Province) that Wettstein (1934) identified as Liophis cobella are examples of L. epinephalus (Savage 2000: 581). Subspecies: Liophis epinephelus kogiorum BERNAL-CARLO 1994 has been listed as Liophis miliaris kogiorum by DIXON 2000 but without justification (maybe in error?). Variation: Dixon 1983 confirms the position of Wilson and Brown (1953) and Savage and Heyer (1967) that using subspecies is not an effective way to describe geographic variation in this species. |
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