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Gymnophthalmus underwoodi GRANT, 1958

IUCN Red List - Gymnophthalmus underwoodi - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaGymnophthalmidae (Gymnophthalminae), Gymnophthalmini, Sauria, Gymnophthalmoidea, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Smooth-scaled Tegulet, Underwcod's Spectaded Tegu 
SynonymGymnophthalmus underwoodi GRANT 1958: 228
Gymnophthalmus underwoodi — SCHWARTZ & HENDERSON 1991: 411
Gymnophthalmus underwoodi — KIZIRIAN & COLE 1999
Gymnophthalmus underwoodi — PIANKA & VITT 2003: 120
Gymnophthalmus cf. underwoodi — OLIVEIRA et al. 2014
Gymnophthalmus underwoodi — MACIEL et al. 2021
Gymnophthalmus underwoodi — THORPE 2022 
DistributionVenezuela, Brazil (Roraima, Amazonas), Guyana, Suriname, Barbados, Trinidad, Tobago, Guadeloupe (incl. Les Saintes, Terre-de-Haut), St. Vincent, Martinique, Antigua [HR 30: 110], St. Kitts, Petit Cul-de-sac, Saint-Barthélemy

Introduced to Cuba, Saba (Dutch Caribbean)
Possibly introduced to Brazil (Pará) (Maciel et al. 2021)

Type locality: Barbados.  
Reproductionoviparous; Unisexual and parthenogenetic species.  
TypesHolotype: INHS (= UIMNH) 42334. 
DiagnosisUnfortunately we had to temporarily remove additional information as this was scraped by multiple AI companies who sell that data to their customers. These details, e.g. detailed descriptions or comparisons (about 660 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentAvila-Pires (1995) and GORZULA & SEÑARIS (1999) treat close relatives of G. underwoodi (cryptus, leucomystax, speciosus, underwoodi) as the “G. underwoodi complex”, which apparently form separate, but “cryptic” species. KIZIRIAN & COLE provide evidence that G. cryptus is the “maternal” species of G. underwoodi.

Distribution: for a map see Maciel et al. 2021: 292 (Fig. 1). 
EtymologyNamed after Garth Leon Underwood (1919-2002), British herpetologist (obituary in Copeia 2003: 222-225). 
References
  • Auguste, Renoir J. 2019. Herpetofaunal checklist for six pilot protected areas in Trinidad and Tobago. Herpetology Notes 12: 577-585 - get paper here
  • Avila-Pires, T.C.S. 1995. Lizards of Brazilian Amazonia (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoologische Verhandelingen 299: 1-706 - get paper here
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • Boos, H.E.A. 1984. The terrestrial reptiles of Monos island. Living World - get paper here
  • Borroto-Páez, Rafael; Roberto Alonso Bosch, Boris A. Fabres, and Osmany Alvarez García 2015. Introduced Amphibians and Reptiles in the Cuban Archipelago. Herp. Cons. Biol. 10 (3) - get paper here
  • BORROTO-PÁEZ, RAFAEL; ROBERTO ALONSO BOSCH, BORIS A. FABRES, AND OSMANY ALVAREZ GARCÍA 2015. INTRODUCED AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN THE CUBAN ARCHIPELAGO. Herp. Cons. Biol. 10 (3):985–1012. - get paper here
  • Breuil M, Serre-Collet F. 2012. Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Smooth-scaled Worm Lizard). Distribution. Caribbean Herpetology 30: 1 - get paper here
  • Breuil, Michel 1999. Atlas des Amphibiens et Reptiles de Martinique. Parc Naturel Régional de la Martinique
  • Breuil, Michel; Fortuné Guiougou; Karl Questel; Béatrice Ibéné 2009. Modifications du peuplement les Antilles françaises, 2 ème partie. Le Courrier de la Nature n° 251: 36-43
  • Censky, Ellen J.;Lindsay, Kevin 1997. Geographic Distribution. Gymnophthalmus underwoodi. Herpetological Review 28 (4): 210 - get paper here
  • Cole C J. DESSAUER H C. MARKEZICH A L. 1993. Missing Link Found: The Second Ancestor of Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Squamata: Teiidae), A South American Unisexual Lizard of Hybrid Origin. American Museum Novitates (3055): 1-13. - get paper here
  • Cole C J. DESSAUER H C. TOWNSEND C R. ARNOLD M G. 1990. Unisexual lizards of the genus Gymnophthalmus (Reptilia Teiidae) in the neotropics: genetics origin and systematics. American Museum Novitates (2994): 1-29. - get paper here
  • Cole, Charles J.; Carol R. Townsend, Robert P. Reynolds, Ross D. MacCulloch, and Amy Lathrop 2013. Amphibians and reptiles of Guyana, South America: illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 125 (4): 317-578; plates: 580-620 - get paper here
  • Cole, Charles J.;Townsend, Carol R.;Dessauer, Herbert C.;Hardy, Laurence M. 1989. A lizard foretold. Natural History 1989 (5): 12-17
  • Daltry, Jennifer C. 2007. An introduction to the herpetofauna of Antigua, Barbuda and Redonda, with some conservation recommendations. Applied Herpetology 4 (2): 97-130. - get paper here
  • Daudin, Jacques; de Silva, Mark. 2007. An annotated checklist of the amphibians and terrestrial reptiles of the Grenadines with notes on their local natural history and conservation. Applied Herpetology 4 (2):163-175 - get paper here
  • FARIAS, R. E. S., AND R. C. VOGT 2020. Geographic Distribution: Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Smooth-Scaled Worm Lizard). Brazil: Roraima: Municipality Of Bonfim. Herpetological Review 51: 76.
  • Gorzula, Stefan & Senaris, J. Celsa 1999. In: Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana. I: a data base. Scientia Guaianae, Caracas, No. 8 [1998], 269+ pp.; ISBN 980-6020-48-0
  • Grant, C. 1958. A new Gymnophthalmus (Reptilia, Teiidae) from Barbados, B.W.I. Herpetologica 14: 227-228. - get paper here
  • Grant, C. 1959. Herpetology of Barbados, B.W.I. Herpetologica 15 (2): 97-101 - get paper here
  • Jairam, Rawien 2016. Attempted predation on a Smooth-scaled Worm Lizard, Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Grant 1958) by a Rainbow Whiptail, Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (Linnaeus 1758) in Suriname. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 23 (2): 93–94 - get paper here
  • Kizirian, D. A. & Cole, C.J. 1999. Origin of the Unisexual Lizard Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Gymnophthalmidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Nucleotide Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 11 (3): 394–400 - get paper here
  • Lorvelec, Olivier; Pascal, Michel; Pavis, Claudie; Feldmann, Philippe. 2007. Amphibians and reptiles of the French West Indies: inventory, threats and conservation. Applied Herpetology 4 (2):131-161 - get paper here
  • MENDES-PINTO, TELÊMACO JASON; Mestrando, BERNHARD, RAFAEL, VOGT, RICHARD; PEDRETT, RONNEZZA CÉLLIA LOBATO CAMPOS;GARCIA, RAUBER SANTOS 2011. A COLLECTION OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH OF THE AMAZON. Rev. Colombiana cienc. Anim. 3(2): 238 - get paper here
  • Mertens, R. 1972. Herpetofauna tobagana. Stuttgarter Beitr. zur Naturkunde nr. 252 22 pp. - get paper here
  • Morato de Carvalho, C. et al. 2021. VERTEBRADOS TERRESTRES DE RORAIMA BIOLOGIA GERAL E EXPERIMENTAL 20/21 (1): - get paper here
  • Oliveira, D.P.; S.M. Souza; L. Frazão; A.P. Almeida; T. Hrbek 2014. Lizards from central Jatapú River, Amazonas, Brazil. Check List 10 (1): 46-53 - get paper here
  • Orchard K. 2010. Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Smooth-scaled Worm Lizard). Distribution. Caribbean Herpetology 12: 1 - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 1998. The Reptilian Herpetofauna of the Ilha de Maraca. In: William Milliken and James A. Ratter (eds.) Maraca: The Biodiversity and Environment ofan Amazonian Rainforest. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. - get paper here
  • Pianka, E.R. & Vitt, L.J. 2003. Lizards - Windows to the Evolution of Diversity. University of California Press, Berkeley, 347 pp. [review in Copeia 2004: 955] - get paper here
  • Powell, Robert and Robert W. Henderson 2017. Notes on the diets of some amphibians and reptiles of the St. Vincent and Grenada Banks (Lesser Antilles). IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 24 (2): 135–138 - get paper here
  • Questel K., Boggio J. 2012. Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Smooth-scaled Worm Lizard). Distribution. Caribbean Herpetology 36: 1 - get paper here
  • RECODER, RENATO SOUSA; FRANCISCO DAL VECHIO, SERGIO MARQUES-SOUZA, MAURO JR. TEIXEIRA, MAIUME SILVA-DA-SILVA, ALFREDO P. SANTOS-JR., SÍRIA RIBEIRO, CESAR BARRIO-AMORÓS, MIGUEL TREFAUT RODRIGUES 2018. Geographic variation and taxonomy of red-tailed Gymnophthalmus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from Amazonian Savannas. Zootaxa 4497 (1): 061–081 - get paper here
  • REYES, F. O. 2020. Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Underwood’s Spectacled Tegu). Predation. Herpetological Review 51: 598
  • REYES, F. O., M. A. LANDESTOY T., AND L. JIMENEZ 2020. Geographic Distribution: Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Underwood’s Spectacled Tegu). Dominican Republic: Santo Domingo: Municipality Of Santo Domingo Este. Herpetological Review 51: 539-540.
  • REYES, F. O., M. A. LANDESTOY T., AND M. RODRIGUEZ BOBADILLA 2020. Geographic Distribution: Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Underwood’s Spectacled Tegu). Dominican Republic: Santo Domingo: Distrito Nacional. Herpetological Review 51: 539.
  • RIBEIRO-JÚNIOR, MARCO A. & SILVANA AMARAL 2017. Catalogue of distribution of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) from the Brazilian Amazonia. IV. Alopoglossidae, Gymnophthalmidae. Zootaxa 4269 (2): 151-196 - get paper here
  • Ribeiro-Júnior, Marco A. & Silvana Amaral 2016. Diversity, distribution, and conservation of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) in the Brazilian Amazonia. Neotropical Biodiversity, 2:1, 195-421 - get paper here
  • Schwartz, A. & Henderson, R.W. 1991. Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 720 pp.
  • Szkudlarek, M; 2019. Geographic Distribution: Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Underwood’s Spectacled Tegu) Dominican Republic: La Alta Gracia Province: Municipality of San Rafael del Yuma: Hispanola Island. Herpetological Review 50 (3): 524 - get paper here
  • Thorpe, R.S. 2022. Reptiles of the Lesser Antilles. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 608 pp. - get paper here
  • Turk, P. A., N. N. Wyszynski, R. Powell & R. W. Henderson 2010. Population densities and water-loss rates of Gymnophthalmus pleii, Gymnophthalmus underwoodi (Gymnophthalmidae), and Sphaerodactylus fantasticus fuga (Sphaerodactylidae) on Dominica, West Indies. Salamandra 46 (3): 125-130 - get paper here
  • van den Burg, M. P., Hylkema, A., & Debrot, A. O. 2021. Establishment of two nonnative parthenogenetic reptiles on Saba, Dutch Caribbean: Gymnophthalmus underwoodi and Indotyphlops braminus. Caribbean Herpetology 79, 1-5 - get paper here
  • Vanzolini P E. CARVALHO C M D. 1991. Two sibling and sympatric species of Gymnophthalmus in Roraima, Brazil (Sauria: Teiidae). Pap. Avul. Zool., Sao Paulo 37 (12): 173-226 - get paper here
  • Vanzolini, P. E. 1976. On the presence of males in Gymnophthalmus underwoodi, a presumed all-female lizard species (Sauria, Teiidae). Pap. Avulsos Zool. 29 (20): 177-179 - get paper here
  • Williamson, K. E. and R. Powell. 2004. Gymnophthalmus underwoodi. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (793): 1-5 - get paper here
  • Yonenaga-Yassuda, Y.;Vanzolini, P. E.;Rodrigues, M. T.;Carvalho, C. M. de 1995. Chromosome banding patterns in the unisexual microteiid Gymnophthalmus underwoodi and in two related species (Gymnophthalmidae, Sauria). Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 70: 29-34 - get paper here
 
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