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Imantodes cenchoa (LINNAEUS, 1758)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Neotropical Blunt-headed Treesnake, Blunthead Tree Snake
G: Riemennatter
S: Cordelilla Manchade
Portuguese: Cipó-Olhuda, Cobra-Cipó, Cobra-Fio, Dorme-Dorme, Dormideira, Dorminhoca, Jararaquinha, Papa-Lesma 
SynonymColuber Cenchoa LINNAEUS 1758: 226
Bungarus cencoalt OPPEL 1810: 392 (in errore)
Dipsas weigelii FITZINGER 1826 (nom. subst. pro cenchoa WIED)
Imantodes cenchoa — DUMÉRIL 1853: 507
Imantodes cenehoa — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 1065 (in error)
Himantodes cenchoa — COPE 1860
Himantodes leucomelas COPE 1861: 296
Himantodes cenchoa — COPE 1879: 271
Dipsas cenchoa reticulata MÜLLER 1882 (nomen nudum fide SMITH et al.)
Dipsas cenchoa rhombeata MÜLLER 1882 (nomen nudum fide SMITH et al.)
Dipsas cenchoa — GARMAN 1884: 14
Dipsas leucomelas — GARMAN 1884: 15
Dipsas cenchoa — GARMAN 1887: 285
Himantodes semifasciatus COPE 1894: 614
Himantodes anisolepis COPE 1894: 614
Himantodes hemigenius COPE 1899: 16
Himantodes platycephalus COPE 1899: 15
Imantodes cenchoa leucomelas — SMITH 1942: 384
Imantodes cenchoa semifasciatus — SMITH 1942: 385
Imantodes cenchoa — BEEBE 1946: 29
Imantodes cenchoa cenchoa — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 133
Imantodes cenchoa leucomelas — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 134
Imantodes cenchoa semifasciatus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 134
Imantodes cenchoa cenchoa — DUELLMAN 1978: 244
Imantodes cenchoa cenchoa — GASC & RODRIGUES 1980
Imantodes cenchoa cenchoa — CEI 1993
Imantodes cenchoa — LINER 1994
Imantodes cenchoa — KORNACKER 1999: 91
Imantodes cenchoa cenchoa — BOOS 2001
Imantodes cenchoa — SAVAGE 2002
Imantodes cenchoa — MATA-SILVA et al. 2015
Imantodes cenchoa — WALLACH et al. 2014: 348
Imantodes cenchoa — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019
Imantodes cenchoa — MARTÍNEZ-FONSECA et al. 2024 
DistributionS Mexico (incl. Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Campeche, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Hidalgo, Puebla, Guerrero), Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia (Caldas, Valle del Cauca etc.), Venezuela (Mérida etc.), French Guiana, Guyana, Brazil (Amazonas, São Paulo [HR 27: 34], Paraná [HR 27: 216], Santa Catarina [HR 31: 55], Distrito Federal, Goias, Bahia, Acre, Rio de Janeiro, Roraima, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Piaui), Bolivia (Beni), Paraguay, N Peru, Trinidad, Tobago, Argentina (Chaco), Ecuador;

elevation (Honduras): 0-1620 m

Type locality: “America”

leucomelas: Mexico (Veracruz)  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: NRM 66 (most likely, according to NRM website, but unknown fide PETERS 1960).
Syntypes: (2) ANSP 4138-39 [semifasciatus]
Syntypes: USNM 25035, 25036 [Himantodes leucomelas] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (2634 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentType species: Coluber cenchoa LINNAEUS 158 is the type species of the genus Imantodes DUMÉRIL 1853.

Tribus Imantodini. MYERS 2011 erected the new tribus Imantodini for the genera Leptodeira and Imantodes. In addition to molecular support, the loss of bifurcation of the sulcus spermaticus (Imantodes and some Leptodeira) or reduction to a small terminal fork or expanded flat area (other Leptodeira) sets off the mainly scansorial Imantodini from all other Dipsadinae except the terrestrial Mesoamerican-North American night-snakes, which appear to form an unnamed clade.

Synonymy partly after CEI 1993 who doesn’t recognize the three subspecies as given by PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 190. Kaiser et al. 2013 rejected the (sub-) generic names Maclachlanus Hoser 2012, Maconchieus Hoser 2012, Neilsimpsonus Hoser 2012 invalid and rejected their use instead of Imantodes.

Abundance: Relative abundance in Honduras: infrequent

Distribution: not in Nayarit fide WOOLRICH-PIÑA et al. 2016. See map in Nogueira et al. 2019.

Habitat: fully arboreal (Harrington et al. 2018).

Genome: Roberts et al. 2024. 
EtymologyNamed after Greek kenchros (= millet), a cereal with an elongated stem, possibly referring to the shape of the body (Brown 1956)

The genus name is derived from the Latin word immanis, meaning "enormous," and the Greek suffix -odes, meaning likeness or fullness," probably in reference to the relative size of the head or the bulging eyes. The specific name probably is derived from the Greek word kenchros, meaning "small grains," perhaps refering to the small lateral spots (LEMOS-ESPINAL & DIXON 2013). 
References
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