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Lacerta bilineata DAUDIN, 1802

IUCN Red List - Lacerta bilineata - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaLacertidae, Lacertinae, Sauria, Lacertoidea, Squamata (lizards)
SubspeciesLacerta bilineata bilineata DAUDIN 1802
Lacerta bilineata chloronota RAFINESQUE-SCHMALTZ 1810 
Common NamesE: Western Green Lizard
G: Westliche Smaradgeidechse
Croatian: zapadnomediteranski zelembać
Italian: ramarro occidentale 
SynonymLacer­tus viridis GARSAULT 1764 (pl. 669) (nomen oblitum)
Lacerta varia WYTTENBACH in COXE 1789 (nomen oblitum)
Lacerta bilineata DAUDIN 1802: 152 (nomen protectum)
Lacertus viridis GARSAULT 1764
Lacerta viridis fejervaryi VASVARY 1926
Lacerta viridis magnifica SOBOLEVSKY 1930
Lacerta bilineata chlorosecunda TADDEI 1950: 207
Lacerta viridis fejervaryi — MÜLLER 1971
Lacerta viridis bilineata — ENGELMANN et al 1993
Lacerta viridis fejervaryi — ENGELMANN et al 1993
Lacerta bilineata — AMANN et al. 1997
Lacerta viridis fejervaryi — CEVIK & KUMLUTAS 1999
Lacerta viridis fejervaryi — PAWLOWSKI et al. 2004
Lacerta bilineata — BISCHOFF 2005
Lacerta bilineata fejervaryi — BÖHME et al. 2007
Lacerta bilineata fejervaryi — WIRTH 2013
Lacerta bilineata fejervaryi — SAGONAS et al. 2014
Lacerta bilineata italica — NCBI TAXONOMY 2016
Lacerta bilineata bilineata — MARZAHN et al. 2016

Lacerta bilineata chloronota RAFINESQUE-SCHMALTZ 1810
Lacerta chloronota RAFINESQUE-SCHMALTZ 1810: 7
Lacerta viridis chloronota — MERTENS 1932: 255
Lacerta viridis chloronota — TADDEI 1950: 205
Lacerta viridis chloronota — ENGELMANN et al 1993
Lacerta bilineata chloronota — BÖHME et al. 2007
Lacerta bilineata chloronota — SAGONAS et al. 2014
Lacerta bilineata chloronota — MARZAHN et al. 2016
Lacerta bilineata chloronota — LANTERMANN & LANTERMANN 2020 
DistributionS Switzerland, N Spain, Andorra, France, Monaco, Italy, Croatia, San Marino,
W Germany (Rivers Rhine, Nahe, Mosel),
United Kingdom, England (Channel islands Guernsey, Jersey),
USA (Kansas, urban Topeka, introduced: HR 33: 225)

chloronota: Italy (Sicily: Catania); Type locality: “Sicilia"

chlorosecunda: Italy; Type locality: “Taranto, Soleto (Lecce) e Capo S. Maria di Leuca”

fejervaryi: Elba (Italy)  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: unlocated; "la collection d'histoire naturelle d'Alexandre Brongniart … environs de Paris" (fide I. Doronin, pers. comm. Nov 2018), but not listed in Guibé 1954 for MNHN. 
Diagnosis 
CommentSynonymy: BÖHME et al. (2007) question the validity of L. b. chlorosecunda and fejervaryi. L. bilineata has been resurrected from synonymy with L. viridis by RYKENA 1991. Marzahn et al. 2016 synonymized chlorosecunda and fejervaryi with bilineata. Similarly, Marzhan et al. “could not answer whether L. bilineata and L. viridis represent distinct species without extensive gene flow” and they support the validity of two subspecies only, namely L. b. bilineata and L. b. chloronota.Lacerta viridis magnifica SOBOLEVSKY 1930 has been removed rom the synonymy of L. viridis and synonymized with L. bilineata by Kehlmaier et al 2019. Denzer et al. 2020 confirmed the earlier designation of Lacertus viridis as a nomen oblitum, first suggested by Dubois & Bour 2010, and designated Lacerta bilineata DAUDIN as a nomen protectum.

NCBI taxonomy ID: 340663 (italica) 
EtymologyApparently named after the two bright lines on the back of at least some specimens. 
References
  • Amann, Toni;Rykena, Silke;Joger, Ulrich;Nettmann, Hans Konrad;Veith, Michael 1997. Zur artlichen Trennung von Lacerta bilineata Daudin, 1802 und L. viridis (Laurenti, 1768). Salamandra 33 (4): 255-268 - get paper here
  • Andrea Villa, Massimo Delfino 2019. A comparative atlas of the skull osteology of European lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 187 (3): 829–928 - get paper here
  • Berroneau, M. et al. 2010. Guide des Amphibiens et Reptiles d’Aquitaine. Association Cistude Nature, 180 pp.
  • Bischoff, W. 2005. Die echten Eidechsen der Familie Lacertidae - eine Übersicht. Draco 5 (21): 4-27 - get paper here
  • BOGAERTS, S. 2000. Beobachtungen einer Paarung zwischen zwei Weibchen von Lacerta bilineata DAUDIN, 1802. Die Eidechse 11 (2): 63-64 - get paper here
  • Böhme, M.U.; Fritz, U.; Kotenko, T.; Dzukic, G.; Ljubisavljevic, K.; Tzankov, N. & Berendonk, T.U. 2007. Phylogeography and cryptic variation within the Lacerta viridis complex (Lacertidae, Reptilia). Zoologica Scripta 36 (2): 119–131 - get paper here
  • Börner, A. R. 2017. Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse zu den Smaragdeidechsen am Nordrand ihrer Verbreitung: Lacerta bilineata im oberen Mittelrheintal und im Rheingau. Saurologica (5): 63 pp. - get paper here
  • Bruner E. & Costantini D. 2009. Head morphology and degree of variation in Lacerta bilineata, Podarcis muralis, and Podarcis sicula. Int. J. Morphol. 27: 667-676 - get paper here
  • Bruner, Emiliano; Costantini, David; Fanfani, Alberto; Dell'Omo, Gaicomo 2005. Morphological variation and sexual dimorphism of the cephalic scales in Lacerta bilineata. Acta Zoologica 86: 245-254. - get paper here
  • Canova,Luca & Manuela Marchesi 2007. Amphibian and reptile communities in eleven Sites of Community Importance (SCI): relations between SCI area, heterogeneity and richness. Acta Herpetologica 2 (2): 87-96
  • ÇEVIK, Ethem & Yusuf KUMLUTAS 1999. Lacerta viridis (LACERTIDAE) Populasyonlarinin Türkiye’deki Taksonomik Durumu. Tr. J. of Zoology 23 Ek Sayi 1: 37-46
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  • Coxe, W. 1789. Travels in Switzerland in a series of letters to William Melmoth in two volumes. White, Byrne, Grueber and Mc Allister, Dublin, Vol. 1: vii + 555 pp.; Vol. 2: xiv + 544 pp
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  • Denzer, W., Cogger, H., & Böhme, W. 2020. Lacerta varia – and then there were four: multiple use of the same species name for various lizards (Squamata: Lacertidae, Teiidae, Varanidae). Salamandra 56(4): 355-361 - get paper here
  • Dieckmann, M. 2001. Vermehrung von Lacerta bilineata bilineata im Freilandterrarium. Die Eidechse 12 (3): 80-83 - get paper here
  • Dieckmann, Martin 2017. Smaragdeidechsen - Lacerta bilineata und Lacerta viridis. Thorsten Geier, Biebertal, 96 pp.
  • Dieckmann, Martin 2018. Das Hinterland: einsame Höhenzüge und bizarre Felsformationen. Terraria-Elaphe 2018 (2): 40-44 - get paper here
  • Dost, Ole 2023. Francesco Redi und die Rediviper – ein Experiment mit taxonomischen Folgen. Elaphe 2023 (4): 62-66
  • Dubois, A. & Bour, R. 2010. The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura), comments on the taxonomy of this genus, and comment Zootaxa 2447: 1–52 - get paper here
  • ELBING, K. 2001. Paare, Paschas, Partisanen - Variabilität von Sozialverhalten und Fortpflanzungssystem in heimischen Smaragdeidechsenpopulationen. Die Eidechse 12 (2): 33-41 - get paper here
  • ELBING, K. 2001. Die Smaragdeidechsen - zwei ungleiche Schwestern. Z. Feldherpetol. (Beiheft) 3 (Laurenti-Verlag, Bochum). - get paper here
  • Engelmann, W.E. et al. 1993. Lurche und Kriechtiere Europas. Neumann Verlag (Radebeul, Germany), 440 pp.
  • FRITZ, P. 2017. Buchbesprechung: Dieckmann, M. (2017): Smaragdeidechsen Lacerta bilineata und Lacerta viridis. Sauria 39 (4): 47 - get paper here
  • FUNKE, O. 1996. Ungewöhnliches Verhalten von Lacerta bilineata und Podarcis muralis. Die Eidechse 7 (18): 30 - get paper here
  • Grano, M. & Grano, P. 2006. Surrounded by water - reptiles of the Tuscan archipelago. Reptilia (GB) (47): 64-69 - get paper here
  • Gubanyi,James 2000. A breeding colony of western Green Lacertas (Lacerta bilineata) confirmed in southwestern Topeka (Kansas). Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 103 (3-4): 191-192 - get paper here
  • Henf, M. & Alfermann, D. 2004. Neunachweis der Smaragdeidechse im hessischen Lahntal. Salamandra 40 (3-4): 235-238 - get paper here
  • Joger, U.; Fritz, U.; Guicking, D.; Kalyabina-Hauf, S.; Nagy, Z.T. & Wink, M. 2007. Phylogeography of western Palaearctic reptiles – Spatial and temporal speciation patterns. Zoologischer Anzeiger 246: 293–313 - get paper here
  • Kehlmaier C, Zinenko O, Fritz U. 2019. The enigmatic Crimean green lizard (Lacerta viridis magnifica) is extinct but not valid: Mitogenomics of a 120‐year‐old museum specimen reveals historical introduction. J Zool Syst Evol Res. 58 (1): 303-307 [2020] - get paper here
  • Kolodziej, Kai & Philip Prokosch 2018. Nord-Kroatien – eine herpetologische Fotosafari. Terraria-Elaphe 2018 (4): 40-49 - get paper here
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  • Kwet, A. 2010. Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart, 252 pp.
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  • Lantermann, W. & Lantermann, Y. 2007. Westliche Smaragdeidechsen (Lacerta bilineata) an der Atlantikküste in der Bretagne. Reptilia (Münster) 12 (64): 40-42 - get paper here
  • Lantermann, W. & Y. Lantermann 2011. Ein Besuch bei den Smaragdeidechsen (Lacerta bilineata) im Oberen Mittelrheintal. Die Eidechse 22 (2): 39-44. - get paper here
  • Leptien, R. 2016. Die Smaragdeidechse. Reptilia 21 (120): 60-63
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  • Marzahn, E., Mayer, W., Joger, U., Ilgaz, Ç., Jablonski, D., Kindler, C., Kumlutaş, Y., Nistri, A., Schneeweiss, N., Vamberger, M., Žagar, A. and Fritz, U. 2016. Phylogeography of the Lacerta viridis complex: mitochondrial and nuclear markers provide taxonomic insights. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 54: 85–105, doi: 10.1111/jzs.12115 - get paper here
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  • PEEK, R. 2011. Über die Zusammenhänge zwischen Nahrung und Körperfärbung bei der Westlichen Smaragdeidechse (Lacerta bilineata) und einigen anderen Lacertiden. Die Eidechse 22 (2): 45-52. - get paper here
  • Pottier G., Paumier J.-M., Tessier M., Barascud Y., Talhoët S., Liozon R., D’Andurain P., Vacher J.-P., Barthe L., Heaulmé V., Esslinger M., Arthur C.-P., Calvet A., Maurel C. & Redon H. 2008. Atlas de répartition des reptiles et amphibiens de Midi-Pyrénées. Les atlas naturalistes de Midi-Pyrénées. Nature Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, 126 pp.
  • Rafinesque Schmaltz, C. S. 1810. Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e plante della Sicilia. Sanfilippo, Palermo, 105 pp. - get paper here
  • Rohdich, W. 2005. Die Grünen vom Kaiserstuhl. Draco 5 (21): 68-71 - get paper here
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  • Rovatsos, Michail; Jasna Vukić, Marie Altmanová, Martina Johnson Pokorná, Jiří Moravec and Lukáš Kratochvíl 2016. Conservation of sex chromosomes in lacertid lizards. Molecular Ecology, DOI: 10.1111/mec.13635 - get paper here
  • Rugiero, Lorenzo; Luiselli, Luca 2006. Influence of small-scale fires on the populations of three lizard species in Rome. The Herpetological Journal 16: 63-68 - get paper here
  • Rugiero, Lorenzo; Luiselli, Luca 2007. Null model analysis of lizard communities in five urban parks of Rome. Amphibia-Reptilia 28 (4): 547-553 - get paper here
  • Rykena, S. 1991. Kreuzungsexperimente zur Prüfung der Artgrenzen im Genus Lacerta sensu stricto. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 67, 55–68 - get paper here
  • SCHÄBERLE, C. & A. SCHÄBERLE 2019. Lacerta bilineata DAUDIN, 1802 in Baden-Württemberg. Die Eidechse 30 (2): 49-54 - get paper here
  • Schlüter, U. 2011. Die Lacertiden Andorras. Die Eidechse 22 (3): 83-92 - get paper here
  • SOUND, P. 1999. Lacerta bilineata DAUDIN, 1802 predates on juvenile Coronella austriaca LAURENTI, 1768. Herpetozoa 12 (1-2): 85-86 - get paper here
  • Taddei, A. 1950. Le Lacerta (Lacerta) in Italia. Pontificia Academia Scientarum Commentationes, Rom. 14 (5): 197-219 - get paper here
  • Vacher, Jean-Pierre 2019. An unusual case of predation of the western green lizard Lacerta bilineata Daudin, 1802 (Reptilia: Lacertidae) on the slow worm Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758 (Reptilia: Anguidae). Herpetology Notes 12: 1201-1202 - get paper here
  • Vasvary, M. [also as Vasvári] 1926. Adatok a Zöldgyik - formaker ismereteher. [in Hungarian] All. Közl., Buda­pest, 23: 34—66 - get paper here
  • Wirth, Michael 2013. Das Geheimnis der Feuerschneisen. Terraria-Elaphe 2013 (3): 36-43 - get paper here
  • Wirth, Michael 2013. Toskana. Ein herpetologischer Überblick. Terraria-Elaphe 2013 (3): 41-24 - get paper here
 
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