You are here » home advanced search search results Lachesis muta

Lachesis muta (LINNAEUS, 1766)

Can you confirm these amateur observations of Lachesis muta?

Add your own observation of
Lachesis muta »

Find more photos by Google images search: Google images

Higher TaxaViperidae, Crotalinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: South American Bushmaster
G: Südamerikanischer Buschmeister
rhombeata: Atlantic Forest bushmaster
NL: Bosmeester
Portuguese: Bico-de-Jaca, Cobra-Topete, Cuiama-Pina, Daya, Pico-de-Jaca, Surucucu, Surucucu-Bico-de-Jaca, Surucucu-Cospe-Fogo, Surucucu-de-Fogo, Surucucu-Pico-de-Jaca, Surucucu-Rabo-de-Mucura, Surucucutinga, Surucutinga, Verrugosa
S: Cuaima; Guayma concha de piña 
SynonymCrotalus mutus LINNAEUS 1766: 373
Coluber crotalinus GMELIN 1789: 1094
Scytale catenatus LATREILLE in SONNINI and LATREILLE 1802: 162
Scytale ammodytes LATREILLE in SONNINI and LATREILLE 1802: 165
Coluber alecto SHAW 1802: 405
Lachesis mutus — DAUDIN 1803: 351
Lachesis ater — DAUDIN 1803: 354
Trigonocephalus ammodytes — OPPEL 1811: 390
Cophias crotalinus — MERREM 1820: 144
Trigonocephalus crotalinus — SCHINZ 1822: 144
Lachesis muta — SCHINZ 1822: 144
Lachesis atra — SCHINZ 1822: 144
Scytale catenata — SCHINZ 1822: 144
Bothrops Surucucu WAGLER 1824: 59
Bothrops Sururucu WAGLER 1824 (misspelled in FRANZEN & GLAW 2007: 262)
Crasedocephalus crotalinus — GRAY 1825: 205
Lachesis mutus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 1485
Craspedocephalus brasiliensis — WUCHERER 1863: 243
Lachesis muta — BEEBE 1946: 47
Lachesis muta — HARDING & WELCH 1980
Lachesis muta — VILLA et al. 1988
Lachesis mutus — BOULENGER 1896: 534
Lachesis muta muta — TAYLOR 1951: 184
Lachesis muta muta — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 136
Lachesis muta muta — DUELLMAN 1978: 265
Lachesis muta — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 312
Lachesis muta — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999
Lachesis muta muta — BOOS 2001
Lachesis muta — WALLACH et al. 2014: 355
Lachesis muta — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019
Lachesis muta — HAMDAN et al. 2024: 15 
DistributionColombia, E Ecuador, Brazil (Minas Gerais, Acre, Amapéa, amazonas, Pará, Rondonia, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Alagoas, Ceará, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Roraima), Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Guyana, Trinidad, NE/E Peru, N Bolivia (Beni)

rhombeata: Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Ceará; Espirito Santo, Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais State, Bahia, Alagoas, Sergipe, Pernambuco, Paraiba, Rio Grande do Norte (CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004, Rodrigo C.G de Souza, pers. comm.).

Type locality: Suriname; restricted to Vitória, ES, Brazil, by FERNANDES et al. 2004.  
Reproductionoviparous; one of the few snakes that show a form of parental care. After laying eggs in underground burrows it remains curled around them for some time. 
TypesHolotype: NRM = NHRM. According to Andersson 1899: 27, there are two jars labeled as Crotalus horridus, one of which contains a head in rather bad condition which does not belong to any Crotalus and "possibly it is the head of a Lachesis mutus." (McDiarmid et al. 1999); Type unknown fide PETERS 1960.
Holotype: ZSM, uncatalogued specimen(s) (lost), “Habitat non rarus in Brasiliae sylvis humidis ac densis sub arborum fronde delapsa” [Brazil] according to the original description and Vanzolini (1981), collected by Spix and Martius expedition to Brazil, 1817-1820 [Bothrops Surucucu] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Distinguished from L. stenophrys and L. melanocephala by having more ventral scales (215–234 in females and 213– 236 in males), compared to 197–211 in females and 198–204 in males of L. stenophrys and 211–214 in females and 209–214 in males of L. melanocephala. Additionally, the head of L. muta is not uniformly black as in L. melanocephala, but has dark blotches over much of its surface; the head of L. stenophrys is nearly immaculate. The dorsal blotches in Lachesis muta do not form vertical bars laterally as in L. stenophrys and L. melanocephala.


Additional details (3041 characters) are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous!

Synonymy: Lachesis muta has been split into three separate species by Zamudio & Greene 1997. Synonymy mainly after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970 and FERNANDES et al. (2004), who reject any subspecies in L. muta. Duméril et al. 1854: 1486 synonymized rhombeata with muta, which was followed by most authors, including McDiarmid et al. 1999: 313, but L. rhombeata was resurrected by Hamdan et al. 2024 for the Atlantic forest population of Brazil.

Type species: Lachesis mutus is the type species of the genus Lachesis DAUDIN 1803.

Distribution: see maps in Barrio-Amorós et al. 2020 (Fig. 28), Nogueira et al. 2019, and Hamdan et al. 2024: 19 (Fig. 12). 
EtymologyThe specific name muta is from the Latin mutus(= mute), probably a reference to the species’ superficial similarity with rattlesnakes in the genus Crotalus, to which the species was originally assigned by Linnaeus (1766); but lacking a rattle it was presumed to be silent or mute (Barrio-Amorós et al. 2020).

The genus was apparently named after Lachesis, one of the three Fates in Greek mythology and supposedly able to assign to Man his term of life (Gotch 1986). 
References
  • Alves, Fátima Q.; Antônio J. S. Argôlo, and Gilson C. Carvalho 2014. Reproductive biology of the bushmaster Lachesis muta (Serpentes: Viperidae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Phyllomedusa 13 (2): 99-109 - get paper here
  • Amaral, A. do 1925. On the Oviparity of Lachesis muta Daudin, 1803 Copeia 149: 93-94. - get paper here
  • Amaral,A. do 1926. 4.a nota de nomenclatura Ophiologica. Sobre a differenciacão dos nomes genericos Lachesis, Trimeresurus e Bothrops. Revista do Museu Paulista 14: 34-40
  • Andersson, L.G. 1899. Catalogue of Linnean type-specimens of snakes in the Royal Museum in Stockholm. [type catalogue] Bihang till Konglika Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens. Handlingar, Stockholm. 24: 1-34 - get paper here
  • ANDRADE LIMA, J.H., DIAS, E.G., COSTA, R.D.L., SILVA, F.J., LIMA, E.S.M., SANTOS, E.M., KOKUBUM, M.N.C. 2021. Lizards and snakes of Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Matas do Siriji, an Atlantic Forest hotspot of the Pernambuco Endemism Center, Northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica 21 (2): e20201106 - get paper here
  • Araujo Filho, João Antonio de, Cícero Ricardo De Oliveira, Robson Waldemar Ávila, Igor Joventino Roberto and Waltécio De Oliveira Almeida 2013. Lachesis muta (surucucu, Atlantic forest bushmaster) parasitism. Herpetological Review 44 (4): 692 - get paper here
  • Avila-Pires, Teresa C.S.; Kleiton R. Alves-Silva, Laís Barbosa, Fabrício S. Correa, Jorge F. A. Cosenza, Ana Paula V. Costa-Rodrigues, Aurea A. Cronemberger, Marinus S. Hoogmoed, Geraldo R. Lima-Filho, Adriano O. Maciel, Alexandre F. R. Missassi, Lyw 2018. Changes in Amphibian and Reptile Diversity Over Time in Parque Estadual do Utinga, a Protected Area Surrounded by Urbanization. Herpetology Notes 11: 499-512 - get paper here
  • Barbour, Thomas 1930. The bushmaster in the Canal Zone. Bull. Antivenin Inst. America 4 (1): 11
  • Barrio-Amorós, Cesar L.; Greivin Corrales, Sylvia Rodríguez , Jaime Culebras, Quetzal Dwyer, Diego Alejandro Flores 2020. The Bushmasters (Lachesis spp.): Queens of the rainforest. An overview of the taxonomy, distribution, natural history, lore, and conservation of the largest vipers in the world. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 27 (3): 358-381 - get paper here
  • Beebe, William 1946. Field notes on the snakes of Kartabo, British Guiana, and Caripito, Venezuela. Zoologica 31: 11-52 - get paper here
  • BERNARDE, P.S., ALBUQUERQUE, S., BARROS, T.O. & TURCI, L.C.B. 2012. Serpentes do Estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Biota Neotropica 12 (3): 1-29 - get paper here
  • BERNARDE, Paulo Sérgio; Jáson de Oliveira GOMES 2012. Serpentes peçonhentas e ofidismo em Cruzeiro do Sul, Alto Juruá, Estado do Acre, Brasil. Acta Amazonica 42 (1): 65 - 72 - get paper here
  • Bernarde, Paulo Sérgio;, Reginaldo Assêncio Machado & Luiz Carlos Batista Turci 2011. Herpetofauna da área do Igarapé Esperança na Reserva Extrativista Riozinho da Liberdade, Acre – Brasil. Biota Neotropica 11 (3): 117-144 - get paper here
  • Bérnils, Renato S.;Antônio de Pádua Almeida João Luiz Gasparini Ana Carolina Srbek-AraujoCarlos Frederico D. Rocha Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues 2014. RÉPTEIS NA RESERVA NATURAL VALE, LINHARES, ESPÍRITO SANTO, BRASIL. Ciência & Ambiente 49: 93-210 - get paper here
  • Boos, H.E.A. 2001. The snakes of Trinidad and Tobago. Texas A&M University Press, 270 pp.
  • Borges-Nojosa,D.M. & Lima-Verde,J.S. 1999. Geographic distribution: Lachesis muta rhombeata. Herpetological Review 30 (4): 235 - get paper here
  • Campbell, J.A. & Lamar, W.W. 1989. The Venomous Reptiles of Latin America. Comstock Publishing/Cornell University Press, Ithaca
  • CATENAZZI, A., LEHR, E. & VON MAY, R. 2013. The amphibians and reptiles of Manu National Park and its buffer zone, Amazon basin and eastern slopes of the Andes, Peru. Biota Neotropica 13 (4): 269-283
  • Citeli, Nathalie; de-Carvalho, Mariana; Moreira de Carvalho, Bruno; Figueiredo Mafra Magalhães, Mônica de Avelar; Bochner, Rosany 2020. Bushmaster bites in Brazil: Ecological modelling and spatial analysis to improve human health measures. Cuad. herp. 34 (2): - get paper here
  • Claessen, H. 2006. De Slangen van de Guyana’s. Deel XI. Lacerta 64 (4): 136-146 - get paper here
  • Cochran, Doris M. 1961. Type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the United States National Museum. [type catalogue] Bull. US Natl. Mus. (220): xvi + 291 pp. - get paper here
  • Cole, Charles J.; Carol R. Townsend, Robert P. Reynolds, Ross D. MacCulloch, and Amy Lathrop 2013. Amphibians and reptiles of Guyana, South America: illustrated keys, annotated species accounts, and a biogeographic synopsis. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 125 (4): 317-578; plates: 580-620 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1875. On the Batrachia and Reptilia of Costa Rica with notes on the herpetology and ichthyology of Nicaragua and Peru. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia N.S. (2) 8: 93-183 [sometimes said to be published 1876 but see Murphy et al. 2007 for clarification]] - get paper here
  • Corrales, Greivin, Gómez, Aarón and Flores, Diego Alejandro 2016. Reproduction of South American Bushmaster, Lachesis muta (Serpentes: Viperidae), in captivity. Herpetological Review 47 (4): 608-611 - get paper here
  • Cortés Gómez, Angela María; Anyelet Valencia Aguilar, Diana Marcela Torres Domínguez, Lina María García Calderón, Diego Fernando Villaquirán Martínez, Andrea del Pilar Cáceres Franco, Fernando Castro Herrera 2010. Guía de los anfibios y reptiles. Área en conservación de la microcuenca Quebrada Pericos. [Valle de Cauca, Colombia]. Corporación Autónoma Regional del Valle del Cauca, Santiago de Cali: CVC, 37 pp. - get paper here
  • Daudin, F. M. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles, Vol. 4. F. Dufart, Paris, 397 pp. - get paper here
  • Díaz-Ricaurte, Juan C.; S. Carolíne Guevara-Molina, Sergio D. Cubides-Cubillos 2017. Lachesis muta (Linnaeus 1766). Verrugosa, cascabel muda. Catálogo de Anfibios y Reptiles de Colombia 3 (2): 20-24 - get paper here
  • Dubeux, M. J. M., Araújo Neto, J. V. D., Triburcio, I. C. S., Lisboa, B. S., Torquato, S., Freitas, M. A. D., ... & Mott, T. 2022. A “hotspot” within a hotspot: the reptiles of the Estação Ecológica and Área de Proteção Ambiental de Murici, Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 22: 1-14 - get paper here
  • Duellman, W. E. 1978. The biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. Misc. Publ. Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat. Hist. 65: 1-352 - get paper here
  • Duellman, W. E. 2005. Cusco Amazónico: The Lives of Amphibians and Reptiles in an Amazonian Rainforest. Comstock Pub Assoc.
  • Duellman, W.E., & Salas, A.W. 1991. Annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Cuzco Amazonico, Peru. Occas. Papers Mus. of Natur. Hist., Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence (143): 13 pp. - get paper here
  • Duméril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. & DUMÉRIL, A. H. A., 1854. Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. Deuxième partie, comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux. Paris, Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret: i-xii + 781-1536 - get paper here
  • Eversole, C. B., Powell, R. L., Rivas, L. R., & Lizarro, D. E. 2024. Reptile Biodiversity and Vulnerability in Bolivia’s Beni Department: Informing Conservation Priorities in a Neglected Frontier. Diversity, 16(6), 335 - get paper here
  • Feio, R.N. & Caramaschi, U. 2003. Contribuição ao conhecimento da herpetofauna do nordeste do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Phyllomedusa 1 (2): 105-111 [2002] - get paper here
  • Fernandes, D.S.; Franco, F.L. & Fernandes, R. 2004. Systematic revision of the genus Lachesis DAUDIN 1803 (Serpentes: Viperidae). Herpetologica 60 (2): 245-260 - get paper here
  • Ferrão, M., Soares-Filho, J.A.R. & Oliveira, M. 2012. Checklist of reptiles (Testudines, Squamata) from Alto Alegre dos Parecis, southwestern Amazonia, Brazil. Herpetology Notes, 5: 473-480 - get paper here
  • Filho, Gentil; Silvaney Sousa, Abimael Sousa, Abraão Barbosa, Frederico França, Marco Freitas 2020. The Distribution of Lachesis muta (Linnaeus, 1766) in the Atlantic Forest of the Pernambuco Endemism Center, Northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 13: 565-569 - get paper here
  • Fraga, R., Lima, A. P., Prudente, A. L. C., & Magnusson, W. E. 2013. Guia de cobras da região de Manaus – Amazônia Central. Manaus: INPA - get paper here
  • França RC, Solé M and França FGR 2024. Conservation status of Brazilian snakes inhabiting the Atlantic Forest of Northeastern Brazil. Front. Ecol. Evol. 12:1301717 - get paper here
  • Freitas, M. A. de, Venancio, N. M., Abegg, A. D., Azevedo, W. S, Pereira, V. O., Zanotti, A. P., Veloso, A., Schwarzbach, L., Oliveira, A. G., da Silva, R. C. C., de Amorim, V. R. G. and de Moura, G. J. B. 2020. Herpetofauna at the Rio Acre Ecological Station, Amazon Rainforest, Brazil. Herpetology Notes 13: 33-48. - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco Antonio de 2014. Squamate reptiles of the Atlantic Forest of northern Bahia, Brazil. Check List 10 (5): 1020-1030 - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco Antonio de; Arthur Diesel Abegg, Iuri Ribeiro Dias, Elbano Paschoal de Figueiredo Moraes 2018. Herpetofauna from Serra da Jibóia, an Atlantic Rainforest remnant in the state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 11: 59-72 - get paper here
  • Freitas, Marco Antonio de; Arthur Diesel Abegg, Thais Figueiredo Santos Silva, Patrícia Mendes Fonseca, Breno Hamdan, Thiago Filadelfo 2019. Herpetofauna of Serra do Timbó, an Atlantic Forest remnant in the State of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 12: 245-260 - get paper here
  • Garcia,E. 1896. Los Ofidios Venenosos del Cauca. Métodos empíricos y racionales empleados contra los accidentes producidos por la mordedura de esos reptiles. Cali: Librería Colombiana, xv + 102 pp. - get paper here
  • Gasc & Rodrigues 1980. Liste preliminaire des Serpents de la Guyane francaise. Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris 2 (4): 559-598
  • Gmelin, J.F. 1789. Caroli a Linné Systema naturae. 13. ed., Tom 1 Pars 3. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae. 1033-1516 pp. - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Gorzula, Stefan & Senaris, J. Celsa 1999. In: Contribution to the herpetofauna of the Venezuelan Guayana. I: a data base. Scientia Guaianae, Caracas, No. 8 [1998], 269+ pp.; ISBN 980-6020-48-0
  • GUEDES, THAÍS B.; CRISTIANO NOGUEIRA & OTAVIO A. V. MARQUES 2014. Diversity, natural history, and geographic distribution of snakes in the Caatinga, Northeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3863 (1): 001–093 - get paper here
  • Guedes, Thaís B.; Ricardo J. Sawaya, Alexander Zizka, Shawn Laffan, Søren Faurby, R. Alexander Pyron, Renato S. Bérnils, Martin Jansen, Paulo Passos, Ana L. C. Prudente, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, Henrique B. Braz, Cristiano de C. Nogueira, Alexandre 2017. Patterns, biases and prospects in the distribution and diversity of Neotropical snakes. Global Ecol Biogeogr 00:1–8 - get paper here
  • Hamdan, B. & R. M. Lira-da-Silva 2012. The snakes of Bahia State, northeastern Brazil: species richness, composition and biogeographical notes. Salamandra 48 (1): 31-50 - get paper here
  • Hamdan, B., Bonatto, S. L., Rödder, D., Seixas, V. C., Santos, R. M. F., Santana, D. J., … Zingali, R. B. 2024. When a name changes everything: taxonomy and conservation of the Atlantic bushmaster (Lachesis Daudin, 1803) (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 22(1) - get paper here
  • HAMDAN, B., SEIXAS, V. C., NUNES, G. L., & OLIVEIRA, G. 2023. The Brazilian Atlantic Bushmaster Lachesis (Linnaeus, 1766) Mitogenome With Insights On Snake Evolution And Divergence (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae). An Acad Bras Cienc, 95(3), e20220973 - get paper here
  • Harvey, M.B.; et al. 2005. Revision of the venomous snakes of Bolivia. II. The pitvipers (Serpentes: Viperidae). Annals of the Carnegie Museum 74 (1): 1-38. - get paper here
  • Hedges SB, Powell R, Henderson RW, Hanson S, and Murphy JC 2019. Definition of the Caribbean Islands biogeographic region, with checklist and recommendations for standardized common names of amphibians and reptiles. Caribbean Herpetology 67: 1–53
  • Hoge, A.R. 1966. Preliminary account on Neotropical Crotalinae (Serpentes: Viperidae). Mem. Inst. Butantan 32 [1965]: 109-184 - get paper here
  • Hoge, A.R.; Romano, S.A.R.W.L. 1978. LACHESIS MUTA RHOMBEATA [SERPENTES: VIPERIDAE, CROTALINAE]. Mem. Inst. Butantan 40/41: 53-54 [1976-1977] - get paper here
  • Hoogmoed,M.S. and Gruber,U. 1983. Spix and Wagler type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the Natural History Musea in Munich (Germany) and Leiden (The Netherlands). Spixiana Suppl. 9: 319-415 - get paper here
  • Jacobs, L & Recchio, I; 2019. Embryological development in an oviparous, New World viperid (Lachesis muta). Herpetological Review 50 (2): 306-309 - get paper here
  • Latreille, P.A. 1802. In: C.N.S. Sonnini de Manoncourt and P.A. Latreille. Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles, avec Figures Déssinnées d'après Nature. Vol. 3. Détérville, Paris [1802] - get paper here
  • Leenders, Twan 1995. The snakes of Rara Avis, Costa Rica II. Pit vipers (Crotalinae). Litteratura Serpentium 15 (1): 4-12
  • Lehr, E. & Lara, J. 2002. Die Schlangenfauna von Pozuzo (Peru) (Reptilia: Serpentes). Faun. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden 22 (2): 353-359 - get paper here
  • Liais 1872. Clim. Géol. Faune Géogr. Brésil.
  • Linné, C. von [= Linnaeus, C.] 1766. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio duodecima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, Holmiae. 1-532 pp. - get paper here
  • Marques R, Mebert K, Fonseca É, Rödder D, Solé M, Tinôco MS 2016. Composition and natural history notes of the coastal snake assemblage from Northern Bahia, Brazil. ZooKeys 611: 93-142. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.611.9529 - get paper here
  • Marques, R., D. Rödder, M. Solé & M. S. Tinôco 2017. Diversity and habitat use of snakes from the coastal Atlantic rainforest in northeastern Bahia, Brazil. Salamandra 53 (1): 34-43 - get paper here
  • Martínez, C. V., & BOLAÑOS, R. 1983. The bushmaster, Lachesis muta muta (Linnaeus) (Ophidia: Viperidae) in Panamá. Revista de Biologia Tropical 30 [1982]: 100-101. - get paper here
  • McDiarmid, R.W.; Campbell, J.A. & Touré,T.A. 1999. Snake species of the world. Vol. 1. [type catalogue] Herpetologists’ League, 511 pp.
  • MENDES-PINTO, TELÊMACO JASON; Mestrando, BERNHARD, RAFAEL, VOGT, RICHARD; PEDRETT, RONNEZZA CÉLLIA LOBATO CAMPOS;GARCIA, RAUBER SANTOS 2011. A COLLECTION OF AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH OF THE AMAZON. Rev. Colombiana cienc. Anim. 3(2): 238 - get paper here
  • Metcalf, M. F., Guedouar, E., Davis, L., Rodriguez, A., Marsh, A., Pacaya, E. T., ... & Gunnels IV, C. W. 2023. Herpetofauna of Madre Selva Biological Station in Loreto, Peru. Herpetology Notes, 16, 727-740
  • Monzel, Markus & Wolfgang Wüster 2008. Neotropische Grubenottern – Evolution, Biogeographie und Ökologie. Draco 8 (33): 4-27 - get paper here
  • Moraes LJCL, Almeida AP, Fraga R, Rojas RR, Pirani RM, Silva AAA, de Carvalho VT, Gordo M, Werneck FP 2017. Integrative overview of the herpetofauna from Serra da Mocidade, a granitic mountain range in Northern Brazil . ZooKeys 715: 103-159 - get paper here
  • Morato, S.A.A.; Calixto, P.O.; Mendes, L.R.; Gomes, R.; Galatti, U.; Trein, F.L.; Oliveira, F.S.; Ferreira, G.N. 2014. Guia fotográfico de identificação da herpetofauna da Floresta Nacional de Saracá-Taquera, Estado do Pará. Curitiba: STCP Engenharia de Projetos Ltda.; Porto Trombetas: MRN – Mineração Rio do Norte S.A.; 213 p. - get paper here
  • Morato, Sérgio Augusto Abrahão; Guilherme Nunes Ferreira; Michela Rossane Cavilha Scupino (eds.) 2018. Herpetofauna da Amazônia Central: Estudos na FLONA de Saracá-Taquera. Curitiba, Pr: STCP Engenharia de Projetos Ltda.; Porto Trombetas, Pa: MRN – Mineração Rio do Norte S.A., 2018.<br>210p. - get paper here
  • MURPHY R. W., SMITH A. and NGO A. 2007. The versions of Cope's Batrachia and Reptilia of Costa Rica. Bibliotheca Herpetologica 7 (1): - get paper here
  • Murphy, John C.; John C. Weber, Michael J. Jowers, and Robert C. Jadin 2023. Two Islands, Two Origins: The Snakes of Trinidad and Tobago. In: Lillywhite & Martins, eds., Islands and snakes, vol. II. Oxford University Press, p. 81 ff - get paper here
  • Natera-Mumaw, Marco; Luis Felipe Esqueda-González & Manuel Castelaín-Fernández 2015. Atlas Serpientes de Venezuela. Santiago de Chile, Dimacofi Negocios Avanzados S.A., 456 pp. - get paper here
  • Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Antonio J.S. Argôlo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Josué A. Azevedo, Fausto E. Barbo, Renato S. Bérnils, Bruna E. Bolochio, Marcio Borges-Martins, Marcela Brasil-Godinho, Henrique Braz, Marcus A. Buononato, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American J. Herp. 14 (Special Issue 1):1-274 - get paper here
  • Oliveira, Jane C.F.; Rodrigo Castellari Gonzalez; Paulo Passos; Davor Vrcibradic & Carlos Frederico Duarte Rocha 2020. Non-Avian Reptiles of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: status of knowledge and commented list. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 60: e20206024 - get paper here
  • OLIVEIRA, P.M.A., MELLO, A.V.A., DUBEUX, M.J.M., OLIVEIRA, S.B.A., LOURENÇO, G.F., NUNES, P.M.S. 2021. Herpetofauna of Matas de Água Azul, an Atlantic Forest remnant in Serra do Mascarenhas, Pernambuco state, Brazil. Biota Neotropica 21 (2): e20201063 - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • PADRÓN, DIEGO F.; KONRAD MEBERT, DANIELA PAREJA-MEJÍA, ARTHUR BAUER, LAISE D. FERNANDES VASCONCELOS, DIEGO CORREIA, GASTÓN A. FERNANDEZ GINÉ & MIRCO SOLÉ. 2022. Living in a mosaic of Brazilian Atlantic Forest and plantations: spatial ecology of five bushmaster Lachesis muta (Viperidae Crotalinae). Ethology Ecology & Evolution 0(0): 1–21. - get paper here
  • Parkinson,C.L. 1999. Molecular systematics and biogeographical history of pitvipers as determined by mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Copeia 1999 (3): 576-586 - get paper here
  • Pérez-Santos,C. & Moreno, A.G. 1988. Ofidios de Colombia. Museo reegionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, Monographie VI, 517 pp.
  • Peters , J. A. 1960. The snakes of Ecuador; check list and key. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 122: 489-541 - get paper here
  • Rabosky, Daniel L.; Rudolf von May, Michael C. Grundler and Alison R. Davis Rabosky 2019. The Western Amazonian Richness Gradient for Squamate Reptiles: Are There Really Fewer Snakes and Lizards in Southwestern Amazonian Lowlands? Diversity 11: 199; doi:10.3390/d11100199 - get paper here
  • Resende, Flávia Cappuccio de (coord.) 2023. O fantástico mundo dos animais peçonhentos: serpentes; características, história natural e reconhecimento das espécies peçonhentas de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte – Fundação Ezequiel Dias - get paper here
  • RIVAS, GILSON A.; CÉSAR R. MOLINA, GABRIEL N. UGUETO, TITO R. BARROS, CÉSAR L. BAR- RIO-AMORÓS & PHILIPPE J. R. KOK 2012. Reptiles of Venezuela: an updated and commented checklist. Zootaxa 3211: 1–64 - get paper here
  • Roberto, I. J., R. W. Ávila & A. R. Melgarejo 2015. Répteis (Testudines, Squamata, Crocodylia) da reserva biológica de Pedra Talhada. In: Atuder, A., l. Nusbaumer & R. Spichiger (eds.). biodiversidade da reserva biológica de Pedra talhada (alagoas, Pernambuco - brasil). Boissiera 68: 357-375 - get paper here
  • Roberto, Igor Joventino; Cícero Ricardo de Oliveira, João Antonio de Araújo Filho, Herivelto Faustino de Oliveira, Robson Waldemar Ávila 2017. The herpetofauna of the Serra do Urubu mountain range: a key biodiversity area for conservation in the brazilian atlantic forest. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 57 (27): 347-373 - get paper here
  • ROCHA, CARLOS FREDERICO D.; HELENA G.BERGALLO, JOSÉ P. POMBAL JR., LENA GEISE, MONIQUE VAN SLUYS, RONALDO FERNANDES, ULISSES CARAMASCHI 2004. FAUNA DE ANFÍBIOS, RÉPTEIS E MAMÍFEROS DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO, SUDESTE DO BRASIL. Publ. Avul. Mus. Nac., Rio de Janeiro (104): 3-23 - get paper here
  • Rojas-Padilla O, Menezes VQ, Dias IR, Argôlo AJS, Solé M, Orrico VGD 2020. Amphibians and reptiles of Parque Nacional da Serra das Lontras: an important center of endemism within the Atlantic Forest in southern Bahia, Brazil. ZooKeys 1002: 159-185 - get paper here
  • Schinz, H. R. 1822. Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von dem Herrn Ritter von Cuvier. Vol. 2. J. G. Cotta, Stuttgart. - get paper here
  • Shaw, G. 1802. General Zoology, or Systematic Natural History. Vol.3, part 2. G. Kearsley, Thomas Davison, London: 313-615 - get paper here
  • Silva-Soares, T.; R.B. Ferreira; R.O.L. Salles; C.F.D. Rocha. 2011. Continental, insular and coastal marine reptiles from the municipality of Vitória, state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil. Check List 7 (3): 290-298 - get paper here
  • Smith, H. M.; Gloyd, H. K. 1964. Nomenclatural notes on the snake names Scytale, Boa scytale, and Agkistrodon mokasen. Herpetologica 19 (4): 280-282 - get paper here
  • Solé, Mirco 2012. Respekt vor Giftschlangen. Terraria-Elaphe 2012 (2): 46-47 - get paper here
  • Souza,R.C.G. de; Bhering nogueira, P.; Lima, T. & Cardoso, J.L.C. 2007. The Enigma of the North Margin of the Amazon River: Proven Lachesis Bites in Brazil, Report of Two Cases, General Considerations about the Genus and Bibliographic Review. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 42(7):105-115 - get paper here
  • Starace, Fausto 1998. Guide des Serpents et Amphisbènes de Guyane. IBIS Rouge Editions, Guadeloupe, Guyane, 450 pp.
  • Starace, Fausto 2013. Guide des Serpents et Amphisbènes de Guyane. Ibis Rouge Editions, Matoury, Guyane, ISBN 978-2-84450-407-4 - get paper here
  • Taylor,E.H. 1951. A brief review ot the snakes of Costa Rica. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 34 (1): 3-188 - get paper here
  • Torres-Carvajal O, Pazmiño-Otamendi G, Salazar-Valenzuela D. 2019. Reptiles of Ecuador: a resource-rich portal, with a dynamic checklist and photographic guides. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 13 (1): [General Section]: 209–229 (e178) - get paper here
  • Turner, E.; Carmichael, R. & Souza, R. 2008. Dialogues on the Tao of Lachesis. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 43(10):157-164 - get paper here
  • Valencia, J. H., K. Garzón-Tello & M. E. Barragán-Paladines 2016. Serpientes venenosas del Ecuador: sistemática, taxonomía, historia natural, conservación, envenenamiento y aspectos antropológicos. Quito, Ecuador, Fundación Herpetológica Gustavo Orcés, Universidad de Texas, Fondo Ambiental Nacional, 652 pp. [review in HR 49 (1): 152, 2018]
  • Vaz-Silva, W.; RM Oliveira, AFN Gonzaga, KC Pinto, FC Poli, TM Bilce, M Penhacek, L Wronski, JX Martins, TG Junqueira, LCC, Cesca VY, Guimarães RD. Pinheiro 2015. Contributions to the knowledge of amphibians and reptiles from Volta Grande do Xingu, northern Brazil Braz. J. Biol., 75 (3) (suppl.): S205-S218 - get paper here
  • Vial, J. L., & JIMENEZ-PORRAS, J. M. 1967. The ecogeography of the bushmaster, Lachesis muta, in Central America. American Midland Naturalist 78: 182-187. - get paper here
  • Viana, P. F., Ezaz, T., de Bello Cioffi, M., Liehr, T., Al-Rikabi, A., Goll, L. G., ... & Feldberg, E. 2020. Landscape of snake’sex chromosomes evolution spanning 85 MYR reveals ancestry of sequences despite distinct evolutionary trajectories. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 1-14 (12499) - get paper here
  • Wagler, J. 1824. Serpentum Brasiliensium species novae, ou histoire naturelle des espèces nouvelles de serpens. In: Jean de Spix, Animalia nova sive species novae. [NAtrix bahiensis: 27,. Monaco, Typis Franc. Seraph. Hübschmanni, vii + 75 pp. - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Wied-Neuwied, M. Prinz zu 1824. Abbildungen zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien. [1822-1831] Weimar - get paper here
  • Wucherer, Otho 1863. On the species of Craspedocephalus which occur in the province of Bahia, Brazil. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 12: 242-246 - get paper here
  • Zamudio, KELLY R. & HARRY W. GREENE 1997. Phylogeography of the bushmaster (Lachesis muta: Viperidae): implications for neotropical biogeography, systematics, and conservation. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 62 (3): 421-442 - get paper here
 
External links  
Is it interesting? Share with others:

As link to this species use URL address:

https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Lachesis&species=muta

without field 'search_param'. Field 'search_param' is used for browsing search result.



Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator