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Leptophis occidentalis (GÜNTHER, 1859)

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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common Names 
SynonymAhaetulla occidentalis GÜNTHER 1859: 412
Leptophis ultramarinus COPE 1894: 203
Leptophis occidentalis — BOULENGER 1894: 111
Leptophis occidentalis occidentalis — STUART 1935: 50
Leptophis occidentalis — STUART 1937
Leptophis occidentalis occidentalis — SLEVIN 1942: 472
Thalerophis richardi occidentalis — OLIVER 1948: 241
Leptophis ahaetulla occidentalis — ICZN 1958: 270
Leptophis ahaetulla occidentalis — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970: 163
Leptophis santamartensis BERNAL-CARLO & ROZE 1994
Leptophis ahaetulla occidentalis — ALBUQUERQUE et al. 2012
Leptophis occidentalis — NATERA-MUMAW et al. 2015: 76
Leptophis occidentalis — ALBUQUERQUE et al. 2022 
DistributionHonduras, Costa Rica, Panama,
N Venezuela, Colombia

Type locality: “Guayaquil and western Ecuador”.

ultramarinus: Costa Rica; Type locality: Pazo [Pozo] Azul (10°11‘684° N, 54‘18 W, 252 m asl), Costa Rica  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesSyntype: BMNH 1946.1.6.62, male
Holotype: IAvH 3241 (formerly IND-R 3241) [santamartensis]
Holotype: AMNH 17363, male [ultramarinus] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Leptophis occidentalis can be distinguished from its congeners by the following unique combination of character states: (1) head scales slightly edged with black and with no black spots; (2) adult color pattern with no dark dorsal bands; (3) dorsum uniformly dark blue or greenish blue; (4) keeled dorsal scales, except first dorsal row on each side; keels absent or reduced on the vertebral row; keels on dorsal scale rows II–XIv (or only vI–X) black; (5) no loreal scale; (6) ventrals 147–178 in males, 150–183 in females; (7) subcaudals 130–188 in males, 134–194 in females; (8) dorsal scales of tail with no keels; (9) maxillary teeth 22–24; (10) TL/SvL: 95% CI = 0.600–0.626 (n = 90); (11) enlarged spines at first basal row of hemipenial body, (12) papillate calyces more numerous on sulcate side of hemipenial body.


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CommentSynonymy: after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970, STEJNEGER 1933, and Albuquerque et al. 2012.

Distribution: see map in Albuquerque & Fernandes 2022: 18 (Fig. 18). 
EtymologyThe specific name occidentalis (Latin) refers to the western distribution of this species. 
References
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