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Leptotyphlops conjunctus (JAN, 1861)

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Higher TaxaLeptotyphlopidae, Leptotyphlopinae, Leptotyphlopini, Typhlopoidea, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Cape Thread Snake 
SynonymStenostoma conjunctum JAN 1861: 189
Stenostoma groutii COPE 1875: 128
Glauconia conjuncta — BOULENGER 1890
Glauconia conjuncta — BOULENGER 1893: 67
Glauconia lepezi BOULENGER 1901: 8
Leptotyphlops conjunctus — LOVERIDGE 1933: 224
Leptotyphlops conjuncta conjuncta — LOVERIDGE 1955: 181
Leptotyphlops conjunctus conjunctus — LAURENT 1956: 82
Leptotyphlops conjunctus lepezi — LAURENT 1956
Leptotyphlops conjunctus lepezi — LAURENT 1958: 120
Leptotyphlops conjunctus lepezi — TRAPE & ROUX-ESTÈVE 1995: 37
Leptotyphlops lepezi — BROADLEY 1998
Leptotyphlops scutifrons conjunctus — BROADLEY 1998: 26
Leptotyphlops scutifrons conjunctus — BROADLEY & BROADLEY 1999: 26
Leptotyphlops conjunctus — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 25
Leptotyphlops scutifrons conjunctus — BROADLEY & WALLACH 2007: 62
Leptotyphlops conjunctus — ADALSTEINSSON, BRANCH, TRAPE, VITT & HEDGES 2009
Leptotyphlops conjunctus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 367
Leptotyphlops scutifrons conjunctus — BATES et al. 2014: 321
Leptotyphlops lepezi — TRAPE 2023: 800 
DistributionRepublic of South Africa, Lesotho, W Swaziland

lepezi: W Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire, fide BROADLEY 1998), Congo (Brazzaville) ?

Type locality: "Cape of Good Hope", South Africa. Restricted to Eastern Cape Province by BROADLEY & WATSON (1976:493)
 
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: SMNS 2519A, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart.
Holotype: ZMB 22376, collected by R. Grauer, 1907–08; Boulenger, 1915a: 198 [latirostris].
Holotype: ANSP 3293; South Africa, Zulu Country, nr. Umvoti Mission [Stenostoma groutii COPE 1875] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: This subspecies differs from typical L. scutifrons in its lower middorsal counts (192-258) and narrower rostral shield. The posterior supralabial reaches the level of the eye; there are 10 scale rows on the tail, which tapers to a small terminal spine. Total length/diameter ratio 40-77; total length/tail ratio 8.3-16.3. Uniform black above and below except for some white speckling on the chin and sometimes the cloacal shield, but about 60% of specimens from southeastern Mpumalanga and Swaziland have white patches covering up to 10 distal subcaudals and the terminal spine; there are sometimes a few white ventrals anterior to the cloacal shield. (Broadley & Broadley 1999)


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CommentDistribution: Not listed by BROADLEY & POYNTON 1998 for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire). However, these authors list both Leptotyphlops lepezi and Leptotyphlops latirostris which have been considered as synonyms of L. conjunctus. Not listed for Namibia by MARAIS 2004.

Synonymy: Leptotyphlops emini is said to be a synonym of L. nigricans by LANZA 1983. Glauconia lepezi is listed as synonym of Namibiana latifrons by WALLACH et al. 2014.

Subspecies: BROADLEY & WALLACH 2007 list conjunctus as a subspecies of L. scutifrons. Leptotyphlops conjunctus incognitus BROADLEY & WATSON 1976 and L. c. latirostris have been elevated to full species status. 
References
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  • Angel, Fernand 1925. Résultats Scientifiques. Vertebrata. Reptiles et Batraciens. [Mabuia (Mabuiopsis) jeanneli, Lygosoma graueri quinquedigitata, Ablepharus massaiensis]. In: Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique Orientale (1911-1912). - Paris, 2: 1-63.
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  • Hahn D. E. & V. WALLACH, 1998. Comments on the systematics of Old World Leptotyphlops (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae), with description of a new species. Hamadryad 23: 50-62 - get paper here
  • Hedges, S.B., Marion, A.B., Lipp, K.M., Marin, J. & Vidal, N. 2014. A taxonomic framework for typhlopid snakes from the Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata). Caribbean Herpetology 49: 1–61 - get paper here
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