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Loxopholis rugiceps COPE, 1869

IUCN Red List - Loxopholis rugiceps - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaGymnophthalmidae (Ecpleopodinae), Sauria, Gymnophthalmoidea, Squamata (lizards)
Subspecies 
Common Names 
SynonymLoxopholis rugiceps COPE 1869: 305
Leposoma dispar PETERS 1880: 217
Leposoma rugiceps — RUIBAL 1952: 487
Leposoma rugiceps — PETERS et al. 1970: 165
Leposoma rugiceps — BAUER et al. 1995: 57
Leposoma rugiceps — KÖHLER 2000: 103
Leposoma rugiceps — KÖHLER 2008
Leposoma rugiceps— ACUÑA-VARGAS 2016
Loxopholis rugiceps — GOICOECHEA et al. 2016
Loxopholis rugiceps — MARQUES-SOUZA et al. 2022 
DistributionColombia (Chocó etc.), Panama, Honduras (Cortés), Costa Rica (Limón)

Type locality: New Granada (Colombia).
Type locality: “Caceres am Cauca, Neu-Granada” [Leposoma dispar PETERS 1880]  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: ANSP 9635
Syntypes: ZMB 9496, 9666 [Leposoma dispar PETERS 1880] 
DiagnosisUnfortunately we had to temporarily remove additional information as this was scraped by multiple AI companies who sell that data to their customers. These details, e.g. detailed descriptions or comparisons (about 3082 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSynonymy that of PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970.

Distribution: Reports of L. rugiceps from Colombia (Choco) may represent L. southi (GUTIERREZ & ARREDONDO 2007). Reports from Honduras and Costa Rica may represent introduced populations (Mora et al. 2019). For a map of localities see Marques-Souza et al. 2022.

Type species: Loxopholis rugiceps COPE 1869: 305 is the type species of the genus Loxopholis COPE 1869. Loxopholis was previously considered as a synonym of Leposoma but GOICOECHEA et al. 2016 revived it based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis. However, they did not provide an updated diagnosis of the genus. Kok et al. 205 argue that this revalidation was “premature and was actually poorly supported”.

Phylogenetics of the genus: Marques-Souza et al. 2022.

Reference images: see Uetz et al. 2024 for high-resolution reference images for this species. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin rugis (from ruga), wrinkle; crease, small fold and Latin -ceps, -headed. [“...The plates of the top of the head are rugose, with longitudinal striae...”]. (from Esteban Lavilla, pers. comm., May 2024)

The genus was named after Greek loxos (λοξός), slanting + Greek pholis (φολίς), horny scale. ["…The scales imbricate, arranged in oblique rows or quincuncially…"]. 
References
  • Acuña-Vargas, J. C. 2016. Anfibios y Reptiles asociados a cinco coberturas de la tierra, municipio de Dibulla, La Guajira, Colombia. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (n. s.), 32(2): 133-146 - get paper here
  • Bauer, A.M.; Günther,R. & Klipfel,M. 1995. The herpetological contributions of Wilhelm C.H. Peters (1815-1883). SSAR Facsimile Reprints in Herpetology, 714 pp.
  • Carvajal-Cogollo, J.E.; L.E. Rojas-Murcia. & G. Cárdenas-Arévalo 2020. Reptiles del Caribe colombiano/ Reptiles of the Colombian Caribbean. Tunja: Editorial UPTC, 268 pp. - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1868. Sixth contribution to the herpetology of Tropical America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 20: 305-313 - get paper here
  • Goicoechea, N., Frost, D. R., De la Riva, I., Pellegrino, K. C. M., Sites, J., Rodrigues, M. T. and Padial, J. M. 2016. Molecular systematics of teioid lizards (Teioidea/Gymnophthalmoidea: Squamata) based on the analysis of 48 loci under tree-alignment and similarity-alignment. Cladistics, doi: 10.1111/cla.12150 - get paper here
  • Gutiérrez-C., P.D. & Arredondo-S., J.C. 2007. Leposoma southi Ruthvein & Gaige, 1924, a new record to the fauna of Antioquia (Colombia). Herpetozoa 20: 77-79 - get paper here
  • Köhler, G. 2000. Reptilien und Amphibien Mittelamerikas, Bd 1: Krokodile, Schildkröten, Echsen. Herpeton Verlag, Offenbach, 158 pp.
  • Köhler, G. 2008. Reptiles of Central America. 2nd Ed. Herpeton-Verlag, 400 pp.
  • Marques-Souza, S., Pellegrino, K. C. M., Brunes, T. O., Rojas-Runjaic, F. J., & Rodrigues, M. T. 2022. A molecular perspective on the systematics and distribution of Loxopholis lizards in South and Central America, with advances on the biogeography of the tribe Ecpleopodini (Gymnophthalmidae: Squamata). Systematics and Biodiversity, 20(1), 2119295 - get paper here
  • Medina-Rangel, Guido Fabián 2013. CAMBIO EstACIOnAl En El UsO DE lOs RECURsOs DE lA COMUnIDAD DE REptIlEs En El COMplEJO CEnAgOsO DE ZApAtOsA, DEpARtAMEntO DEl CEsAR (Colombia). Caldasia 35 (1): 103-122 - get paper here
  • Meza-Joya, Fabio Leonardo; Eliana Ramos-Pallares 2015. New records, range extensions and updated distribution of two gymnophthalmid lizards from the Caribbean Region, Colombia. Check List 11 (5): 1735 - get paper here
  • Mora JM, Espinal MR, Chaves G, López LI 2019. Distributional records for Loxopholis rugiceps Cope, 1869 (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) in Central America. Check List 15(3): 363-368 - get paper here
  • Peters,W.C.H. 1880. Eine Mittheilung über neue oder weniger bekannte Amphibien des Berliner Zoologischen Museums (Leposoma dispar, Monopeltis (Phractogonus jugularis, Typhlops depressus, Leptocalamus drilineatus, Xenodon punctatus, Elapomorphus erythronotus, Hylomantis fallax). Monatsber. Königl.-Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1880: 217-224 - get paper here
  • Restrepo A, Molina-Zuluaga C, Hurtado JP, Marín CM, Daza JM 2017. Amphibians and reptiles from two localities in the northern Andes of Colombia. Check List 13 (4): 203-237 - get paper here
  • Ríos, E.E.; C.F. Hurtado P., J.T. Rengifo M., and F. Castro Herrera. 2011. LAGARTOS EN COMUNIDADES NATURALES DE DOS LOCALIDADES EN LA REGIÓN DEL CHOCÓ DE COLOMBIA. Herpetotropicos 5 (2): 85-92 - get paper here
  • Rodrigues M T. 1997. A new species of Leposoma (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Atlantic forest of Brazil. Herpetologica 53 (3): 383-389. - get paper here
  • Rodrigues, Miguel T. and Teresa C. S. Avila-Pires 2005. New lizard of the genus Leposoma (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae) from the Lower Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil. Journal of Herpetology 39 (4): 541-546 - get paper here
  • RODRIGUES, MIGUEL TREFAUT; MAURO TEIXEIRA JR., RENATO SOUSA RECODER, FRANCISCO DAL VECHIO, ROBERTA DAMASCENO & KATIA CRISTINA MACHADO PELLEGRINO 2013. A new species of Leposoma (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with four fingers from the Atlantic Forest central corridor in Bahia, Brazil. Zootaxa 3635 (4): 459–475 - get paper here
  • RUEDA-SOLANO, LUÍS ALBERTO; JEINER CASTELLANOS- BARLIZA 2010. HERPETOFAUNA DE NEGUANJE, PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL TAYRONA, CARIBE COLOMBIANO. Acta biol. Colomb. 15 (1): 195 - 206 - get paper here
  • Ruibal, R. 1952. Revisionary studies of some South American Teiidae. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 106: 475-529 (477?)-529. - get paper here
  • Sasa, M., Arias, E., & Chaves, G. 2025. Annotated list of amphibians and reptiles of Costa Rica: The role of the Museum of Zoology in cataloging the country’s herpetological diversity. Revista de Biología Tropical, 73(S2): e64536-e64536 - get paper here
  • Telford, S.R., Jr. 1971. Reproductive patterns and relative abundance of two microteiid lizard species in Panama Copeia 1971 (4): 670-675. - get paper here
  • Uetz, P.H.; Patel, M.; Gbadamosi, Z.; Nguyen, A.; Shoope, S. 2024. A Reference Database of Reptile Images. Taxonomy 4: 723–732 - get paper here
 
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