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Lygophis lineatus (LINNAEUS, 1758)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Lined Ground Snake
Portuguese: Jararaca-Listrada, Jararaquinha 
SynonymColuber lineatus LINNAEUS 1758: 221
Coluber minervae LINNAEUS 1758: 226
Coluber jaculatrix LINNAEUS 1766
Coluber jaculus LACÉPÈDE (nom. nov. pro C. jaculatrix)
Coluber terlineatus LACÉPÈDE 1826
Herpetodryas lineatus — SCHLEGEL 1837: 191
Lygophis lineatus — FITZINGER 1843: 26
Dromicus lineatus — DUMÉRIL, BIBRON & DUMÉRIL 1854: 655
Aporophis lineatus — BOULENGER 1894: 346
Lygophis lineatus — JENSEN 1900
Aporophis lineatus — ANDERSSON 1901: 21
Lygophis lineatus — DUNN 1944
Lygophis lineatus — BEEBE 1946: 35
Lygophis lineatus lineatus — HOGE 1953
Lygophis lineatus lineatus — PETERS 1957: 10
Lygophis lineatus lineatus — ROZE 1958: 261
Lygophis lineatus lineatus — HOG 1964: 60
Lygophis lineatus lineatus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970
Liophis lineatus — MICHAUD & DIXON 1987
Liophis lineatus — DIXON 1989
Liophis lineatus — GORZULA & SEÑARIS 1999
Lygophis lineatus — ZAHER et al. 2009
Liophis lineatus — COLE et al. 2013
Lygophis lineatus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 413
Lygophis lineatus — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionPanama, Colombia, Venezuela (Cojedes, Mérida etc.; maybe introduced [Esqueda & La Marca 1999])
Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, NE Brazil,
N Argentina, N/E Peru ?, Bolivia (Beni), Ecuador

Type locality: “Asia” (in error)  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesSyntypes: NRM (= NHR, formerly MAFR), fide WALLACH et al. 2014; according to other sources the holotype is in DroM = Drottningholm Museum; 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): dorsal pattern with different arrangements of longitudinal stripes or tending to striation; optic foramen very small; general shape of the hemipenis clavate, with very small lobes; interlobular sulcus reduced or absent; pattern of dorsal scale microornamentation fasciculate (Moura‐Leite, 2001, ZAHER et al. 2009).


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CommentSubspecies: Lygophis lineatus meridionalis (SCHENKEL 1901) and Liophis (Lygophis) lineatus dilepis are now considered as a valid species. According to DIXON (1980) L. lineatus has no subspecies (when L. l. meridionalis is considered a full species).

Synonymy partly after PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970. Not listed by GASC & RODRIGUES 1980.

Type species: Coluber lineatus LINNAEUS 1758 is the type species of the genus Lygophis FITZINGER 1843. Lygophis has been resurrected by ZAHER et al. 2009.

Distribution: not in Paraguay fide Cacciali et al. 2016 where it is replaced by Lygophis meridionalis and Lygophis dilepis. The report by Boulenger 1894 may refer to refer to L. meridionalis or flavifrenatus. See map in Nogueira et al. 2019. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin “linea”, meaning stripe or line.

The genus was probably named after Greek lygoi (λύγοι), pliant twigs of willow (used for binding or plaiting) + Greek ophis (ὄφις), a serpent, snake. 
References
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  • Beebe, William 1946. Field notes on the snakes of Kartabo, British Guiana, and Caripito, Venezuela. Zoologica 31: 11-52 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1894. List of reptiles and batachians collected by Dr. T. Bohls near Asuncion, Paraguay. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 13: 342-348 - get paper here
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  • CURCIO, FELIPE F.; VÍTOR DE Q. PIACENTINI & DANIEL S. FERNANDES 2009. On the status of the snake genera Erythrolamprus Boie, Liophis Wagler and Lygophis Fitzinger (Serpentes, Xenodontinae). Zootaxa 2173: 66-68 - get paper here
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  • Dunn, E.R. 1944. A revision of the Colombian snakes of the genera Leimadophis, Lygophis, Liophis, Rhadinaea, and Pliocercus, with a note on Colombian Coniophanes. Caldasia 2 (10): 479-495 - get paper here
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  • Esqueda,L.F. & La Marca,E. 1999. New Reptilian species records from the Cordillera de Mérida, Andes of Venezuela. Herpetological Review 30 (4): 238-240 - get paper here
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  • Hoge, A. R. 1953. Notes on Lygophis Fitzinger with revalidation of two subspecies. Memórias do Instito Butantan 24 (2): 245-268 - get paper here
  • Hoge, Alphonse Richard 1964. Serpentes da Fundação "Surinaams Museum". Mem. Inst. Butantan 30 [1960-1962]: 51-64 - get paper here
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  • Larreal, J.T.; G.A. Rivas; C. Portillo-Quintero; T.R. Barros 2012. Squamata reptiles of a fragment of tropical dry forest in northwestern Venezuela (Lake Maracaibo region). Check List 8(6):1220-1224 - get paper here
  • Linnaeus, C. [= Linné, C. von] 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ. 10th Edition: 824 pp. - get paper here
  • Maglio, Vincent J. 1970. West Indian Xenodontine colubrid snakes: Their probable origin, phylogeny, and zoogeography. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 141 (1): 1-54 - get paper here
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