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Lygophis flavifrenatus COPE, 1862

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Fronted Ground Snake
G: Gelbband-Goldbauchnatter
Portuguese: Cobra-Listrada, Corre-Campo, Corredeira-Listrada, Jararaca-Listrada 
SynonymLygophis flavifrenatus COPE 1862: 80
Dromicus amabilis JAN & SORDELLI 1867
Aporophis flavifrenatus — COPE 1885: 191
Dromicus flavifrenatus — BOULENGER 1886: 433
Aporophis flavifrenatus — BOULENGER 1894
Zamenis parallelus VOGT 1927: 283
Zamenis vogti WERNER 1929: 68 (nom. nov. pro Z. parallelus)
Lygophis flavifrenatus — AMARAL 1929
Liophis flavifrenatus — DIXON 1989
Liophis flavifrenatus — CEI 1993
Liophis flavifrenatus — GIRAUDO & SCROCCHI 2002
Lygophis flavifrenatus — ZAHER et al. 2009
Lygophis flavifrenatus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 412
Lygophis flavifrenatus — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionBrazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, Uruguay, NE Argentina (Corrientes, Chaco, Entre Ríos, Formosa and Misiones)

Type locality: Rio Bermejo [Vermejo] region, Paraguay [The type locality is probably in Argentina as the Río Bermejo flows into the Río Paraguay at the Argentina-Paraguay border and Puerto Bermejo is in Argentina.]  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesSyntype: USNM 5397; Collected by: T.J. Page, Collection Date: May 22 – July 5, 1854. Other Syntype: (n=1) ANSP 4604 (formerly USNM 5398); same information as other syntype. 
Diagnosis 
CommentSynonymy after CEI 1993 and KUCHARZEWSKI & TILLACK 2006. 
EtymologyNamed after Latin “flavi” = yellow or "to be yellow in color" and Latin frēnātus (Perfect passive participle of frēnō ("fit a bridle"). It refers to the, in Cope's description, "A narrow yellow line extends from the summit of the rostral plate across the superciliary and occipital plates on each side to the end of the tail." 
References
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1886. A synopsis of the reptiles and batrachians of the province Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 18: 423-445 - get paper here
  • Cacciali, Pier; Norman J. Scott, Aida Luz Aquino Ortíz, Lee A. Fitzgerald, and Paul Smith 2016. The Reptiles of Paraguay: Literature, Distribution, and an Annotated Taxonomic Checklist. SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF THE MUSEUM OF SOUTHWESTERN BIOLOGY, NUMBER 11: 1–373 - get paper here
  • Carreira Vidal, Santiago 2002. Alimentación de los ofidios de Uruguay. Asoc. Herp. Esp., Monograf. Herp. 6, 127 pp. - get paper here
  • CARREIRA, S., M. MENEGHEL AND F. ACHAVAL 2005. Reptiles de Uruguay. DI.R.A.C., Facultad de Ciências Ed., Montevideo, 637 pp.
  • Carreira, S.; Brazeiro, A.; Camargo, A.; da Rosa, I.; Canavero, A. & Maneyro, M. 2012. DIVERSITY OF REPTILES OF URUGUAY: KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION GAPS. Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2a época) 21 (1-2): 9-29 - get paper here
  • Cei, J. M. 1993. Reptiles del noroeste, nordeste y este de la Argentina. Museo Regionale Sci. Naturale Torino, Monografie 14: 1-949
  • Ceron, Karoline; Sarah Mângia, Thaís B. Guedes, Diego Janisch Alvares, Matheus O. Neves, Matheus De Toledo Moroti, Natália Torello, Márcio Borges-Martins, Vanda L. Ferreira & Diego J. Santana 2021. Ecological Niche Explains the Sympatric Occurrence of Lined Ground Snakes of the Genus Lygophis (Serpentes, Dipsadidae) in the South American Dry Diagonal. Herpetologica Sep 2021 Vol. 77, No. 3: 239-248 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1862. Synopsis of the species of Holcosus and Ameiva, with diagnoses of new West Indian and South American Colubridae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 14: 60-82. - get paper here
  • Dixon, James R. 1989. A key and checklist to the neotropical snake genus Liophis with country lists and maps. Smithsonian Herp. Inf. Serv. (79): 1-40 - get paper here
  • Falcione, Camila; Alejandra Hernando, Diego Andrés Barrasso, Diego Di Pietro 2016. Karyotypes of four species of Xenodontini snakes (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) and implications for taxonomy. Contributions to Zoology, 85 (3): 265-273 - get paper here
  • França, R. C., França, F. G., Rödder, D., & Solé, M. 2022. Historical collection of snakes from Brazil by herpetologist and biogeographer Paul Müller (1940–2010), deposited at the Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Germany. Bonn zoological Bulletin 71 (1): 41–49 - get paper here
  • Giraudo, A. R., and G. J. Scrocchi 2002. Argentinian Snakes: An Annotated Checklist. Smithsonian Herp. Inf. Serv. (132): 1-53 - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Kucharzewski, C. & Tillack, F. 2006. Zamenis parallelus VOGT 1927 - ein Juniorsynonym von Liophis flavifrenatus (COPE 1862) (Serpentes: Colubridae: Xenodontinae), mit Bemerkungen zu dieser Art. Sauria 28 (3): 17-22 - get paper here
  • MENDES, VINÍCIUS; FERNANDO M. QUINTELA & DANIEL LOEBMANN. 2022. LYGOPHIS FLAVIFRENATUS (Fronted Groundsnake). REPRODUCTION. Herpetological Review 53 (1): 153.
  • Morato, Sérgio Augusto Abrahão; Renato Silveira Bérnils, Julio Cesar de Moura-Leite 2017. RÉPTEIS DE CURITIBA: COLETÂNEA DE REGISTROS Hori Consultoria, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil, 99 pp.
  • Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Antonio J.S. Argôlo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Josué A. Azevedo, Fausto E. Barbo, Renato S. Bérnils, Bruna E. Bolochio, Marcio Borges-Martins, Marcela Brasil-Godinho, Henrique Braz, Marcus A. Buononato, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American J. Herp. 14 (Special Issue 1):1-274 - get paper here
  • TOZETTI, A. M., MOSER, C. F., & COLOMBO, P. 2023. AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF TAIM, A BRAZILIAN RAMSAR SITE: CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND A POSSIBLE CASE OF LOCAL EXTINCTION. Herpetological Conservation and Biology, 18(1), 38-47 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Zaher, Hussam; Fausto Erritto BarboI; Paola Sanchez Martínez; Cristiano Nogueira; Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues; Ricardo Jannini Sawaya 2011. Répteis do Estado de São Paulo: conhecimento atual e perspectivas. Biota Neotropica, 11 (1): 1–15. - get paper here
  • Zaher, Hussam; Grazziotin, Felipe Gobbi; Cadle, John E.; Murphy, Robert W.; Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de; Bonatto, Sandro L 2009. Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Pap. Avulsos Zool. (São Paulo) 49 (11): 115-153 - get paper here
 
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