You are here » home advanced search Macrovipera lebetinus

Macrovipera lebetinus (LINNAEUS, 1758)

Can you confirm these amateur observations of Macrovipera lebetinus?

Add your own observation of
Macrovipera lebetinus »

Find more photos by Google images search: Google images

Higher TaxaViperidae, Viperinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesMacrovipera lebetinus lebetinus (LINNAEUS 1758)
Macrovipera lebetinus cernovi (CHIKIN & SZCZERBAK 1992)
Macrovipera lebetinus obtusa (DWIGUBSKY 1832)
Macrovipera lebetinus schweizeri (WERNER 1935)
Macrovipera lebetinus transmediterranea (NILSON & ANDRÉN 1988)
Macrovipera lebetinus turanica (CHERNOV 1939) 
Common NamesE: Levantine Viper
G: Levanteotter
Russian: Гюрза
G: Milosotter, Milosviper, Kykladenotter [schweizeri] 
SynonymColuber Lebetinus LINNAEUS 1758: 218
Vipera lebetina — WALL 1908: 804
Vipera lebetina — SMITH 1943: 486
Vipera xanthina (GRAY 1849) fide KHALIKOV (pers. comm.)
Vipera mauritanica (GRAY 1849) fide KHALIKOV (pers. comm.)
Vipera euphratica — BOETTGER 1880: 167
Vipera euphratica — BOULENGER 1887: 345
Daboia lebetina — ENGELMANN et al 1993
Macrovipera lebetina — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 383
Vipera lebetina — SHARMA 2004
Macrovipera lebetina — KWET & TRAPP 2015
Macrovipera lebetina — WALLACH et al. 2014: 421
Macrovipera lebetinus — FRETEY 2019
Macrovipera lebetina — TUNIYEV et al. 2019
Macrovipera lebetinus — SPEYBROECK et al. 2020
Macrovipera lebetina — KAMALI 2020

Macrovipera lebetinus cernovi (CHIKIN & SZCZERBAK 1992)
Macrovipera lebetina cernovi — DAVLETBAKOV et al. 2016
Macrovipera lebetina cernovi — ORAIE et al. 2018

Macrovipera lebetinus lebetinus (LINNAEUS 1758)
Coluber lebetinus LINNAEUS 1758
Macrovipera lebetina cypriensis REUSS 1933
Vipera lebetina euphratica — SCHMIDT 1939
Vipera lebetina lebetina — HARDING & WELCH 1980
Vipera lebetina lebetina — WELCH 1994: 73
Daboia lebetina lebetina — OBST 1983: 232
Macrovipera lebetina lebetina — GOLAY et al. 1993

Macrovipera lebetinus obtusa (DWIGUBSKY 1832)
Vipera obtusa DWIGUBSKY 1832: 30
Vipera euphratica MARTIN 1838
Vipera peilei MURRAY 1892
Vipera lebetina BOULENGER 1920
Vipera lebetina peilei — SCHWARZ 1936: 244
Vipera lebetina euphratica SCHMIDT 1939
Vipera lebetina obtusa — MERTENS & WERMUTH 1960
Vipera lebetina euphratica — HAAS & WERNER 1969
Vipera lebetina obtusa — ANDERSON & LEVITON 1969
Vipera lebetina obtusa — HARDING & WELCH 1980
Daboia lebetina obtusa — HERRMAN, JOGER & NILSON 1989
Daboia lebetina obtusa — ENGELMANN et al 1993
Macrovipera lebetina obtusa — GOLAY et al. 1993
Vipera lebetina obtusa — WELCH 1994: 121
Vipera lebetina obtusa — FRYNTA et al. 1997
Macrovipera lebetina obtusa — SCHWEIGER 2009
Macrovipera lebetina obtusa — ISKENDEROV 2013
Macrovipera lebetina obtusa — ORAIE et al. 2018

Macrovipera lebetinus transmediterranea (NILSON & ANDRÉN 1988)
Vipera lebetina transmediterranea NILSON & ANDRÉN 1988
Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea — GOLAY et al. 1993
Vipera lebetina transmediterranea — WELCH 1994: 121
Daboia lebetina transmediterranea
Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea — KUCHARZEWSKI 2011
Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea — SAVAGE & MCDIARMID 2017

Macrovipera lebetinus schweizeri (WERNER 1935)
Vipera lebetina schweizeri WERNER 1935: 117
Vipera lebetina siphnensis WETTSTEIN 1952
Vipera schweizeri — NILSON & ANDRÉN 1988
Daboia lebetina schweizeri — OBST 1983
Vipera lebetina siphnensis — CATTANEO 1989
Macrovipera schweizeri — HERRMANN, JOGER & NILSON 1992
Daboia lebetina schweizeri — ENGELMANN et al. 1993
Vipera schweizeri — WELCH 1994: 123
Macrovipera schweizeri — MCDIARMID, CAMPBELL & TOURÉ 1999: 386
Macrovipera schweizeri — SCHWEIGER 2009
Macrovipera schweizeri — LIVIGNI 2013: 343
Macrovipera lebetina schweizeri — SCHMID 2015
Macrovipera schweizeri — WALLACH et al. 2014: 421
Macrovipera schweizeri — SPEYBROECK et al. 2020
Macrovipera lebetina schweizeri — FREITAS et al. 2020
Macrovipera schweizeri — BAMANN & AUST 2023

Macrovipera lebetinus turanica (CHERNOV 1939)
Vipera lebetina turanica CHERNOV 1939
Vipera lebetina turanica — HARDING & WELCH 1980
Daboia lebetina turanica — OBST 1983: 232
Macrovipera lebetina turanica — GOLAY et al. 1993
Macrovipera lebetina turanica — LAITA 2013
Macrovipera lebetina turanica — DAVLETBAKOV et al. 2016
Macrovipera lebetina turanica — ANANJEVA et al. 2020 
DistributionCyprus, Iraq, Turkey, Afghanistan, Syria, Lebanon, Iran, W Pakistan, NW India (Jammu and Kashmir), Jordan, Yemen ? (single specimen fide Scortecci 1932),
S Russia (Dagestan), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan,

cernovi: Turkmenistan, Iran, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, India (Kashmir), Pakistan; Type locality: bank of the river Murghab in the vicinity of town Iolotan, Marijsky district, Turkmenistan.

lebetinus: Cyprus, N Iraq, NW Syria; Type locality: Oriente; MERTENS & MÜLLER (1928) suggested to restrict the type locality to Cyprus.

schweizeri: Greece (Milos, Syphnos [= Sifnou = Siphnos], Kimolos, Polynos = Polyaigos = Polinos ?); Type locality: “Insel Milos”, Greece

transmediterranea: Algeria; Type locality: Algiers.

turanica: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan

obtusa: NE Turkey, Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Transcaucasia, Lebanon, Iran, Pakistan, Jordan; neotype locality: “Geok Tapa (Elizabetpol)”, now Gyanja, Azerbaijan.

Type locality: Transcaucasia  
Reproductionoviparous (although sometimes reported to be viviparous). 
TypesHolotype: nondesignated (formerly MAFR), lost fide Andersson (1899: 29)
Holotype: NMNHU (formerly ZIK) Re-19 (given as Zool. Mus., Inst. Zool., Acad. Sc. Ukraine) [cernovi]
Neotype: ZISP 8595, the holotype is lost [obtusa]
Lectotype: ZSM (SLM) 3210, female, “Umgebung von Larnaka, Cypern”, received from Behringwerke, 05.1933 (card index), designation by Krecsák (2007) [cypriensis]
Lectotype: MCZ 37008 (erroneously given as 37000 by some authors) [schweizeri]
Holotype: USNM 6210, paratypes: ZMUC, BMNH, NMW [transmediterranea]
Holotype: ZISP (also as ZIL) 9080 [turanica] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): “Mittelgroße (M. schweizeri) bis großwüchsige, gedrungen gebaute Vipern mit breiten, dreieckigen Köpfen. 23-25 (selten 21 oder 27) Dorsalschuppenreihen um die Körpermitte, ♂♂ gewöhnlich mit mehr als 39 Subcaudalia, ♀♀ mehr als 34 Subcaudalia. 2-3 Reihen von Subocularia, Nasalia und Pränasalia (Nasorostralia) verschmolzen. Kopfschilder einschließlich der Supraocularia vollständig in kleine gekielte Schuppen aufgeteilt. Dorsalzeichnung wenig kontrastierend, kein Sexualdimorphismus in der Färbung. Ovipar.” (after HERRMANN et al., in Joger & Stümpel 2005).


Additional details (5247 characters) are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous!

Type species: Coluber Lebetinus LINNAEUS 1758 is the type species of the genus Macrovipera REUSS 1927.

Synonymy: Listed as Vipera lebetina obtusa in Leviton et al. Macrovipera lebetina deserti, V. l. mauritanica have been elevated to full species status. According to molecular studies (Herrmann et al. 1999), Macrovipera lebetina is paraphyletic with respect to Vipera and Pseudocerastes, and Eristicophis. Macrovipera lebetina peilei is not recogized as subspecies by GOLAY et al. and MCDIARMID et al. (1999). Golay 1993 lists peilei as a synonym of obtusa. Kaiser et al. 2013 considered the generic name Laidlawus Hoser 2012 invalid and rejected its use instead of Macrovipera.

Subspecies: the status of Macrovipera lebetinus schweizeri is controversial (or preliminary) and some authors consider it as valid species.

Illustration of M. l. turanica in KHAN (2002), Figure 151; the specimen is NOT M. l. obtusa as indicated by the author (fide TILLACK & KUCHARZEWSKI 2004).

Phylogenetics: for a recent phylogeny of this and related Viperinae see Šmíd & Tolley 2019.

Habitat: partly arboreal (Harrington et al. 2018).

Distribution: For a map see Sindaco et al. 2013. Not in Israel fide Shai Meiri, pers. comm., 29 Apr. 2021. Occurrence in Saudi Arabia unlikely; the record from Yemen is based on a specimen collected in 1932 by Scortecci, with uncertain specimen data (according to Corkill & Cochrane 1966 probably in FMNH or AMNH. Records from Algeria represent the subspecies transmediterranea, which may be an introduced population. The origin of a paratype from “Tunis” [Tunisia] is questionable.

NCBI taxonID: 110205 [schweizeri] 
EtymologyThere are different interpretations of this name: The name appears to come from the Greek (”lebes” or similar), a kettle for preparing hot water or food. Since these kettles were primarily made from copper or bronze, the word “lebetinus” with its medieval scientific Latin ending means a copper-coloured kettle. Consequently, Linnaeus’ contemporary Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller (1774) used as vernacular name for this snake the German word “Kupfernatter” meaning copper snake (Rainer Breitling, pers. comm., 31 May 2024). Another interpretation was that of the kettle drummer of funerals, indicating a warning signal (Lescure & Le Garff 2006, Fretey 2019). According to Schleich et al. 1996), “lebetinus” refers to its origin in the Levant. The species epithet has to be “lebetinus” fide Fretey 2019. 
References
  • ADAMOPOULOU, CH. & VALAKOS, E. D. & LEGAKIS, A. 1997. Notes on the diet and reproduction of the Cyclades Blunt-nosed Viper, Macrovipera schweizeri (WERNER, 1935). Herpetozoa 10 - get paper here
  • Akman, B.; M. Z. Yildiz et al. 2018. On the herpetofauna of the East Anatolian Province of Bitlis (Turkey) (Amphibia; Reptilia). Herpetozoa 31 (1/2): 69 - 82 - get paper here
  • Al Oran,R.M., Rostum,S., Joger,U. & Z. Amr. 1998. First record of the Levantine Viper, Macrovipera lebetina, from Jordan. Zoology in the Middle East 16: 65-70 - get paper here
  • Al-Quran, S. 2009. The Herpetofauna of the Southern Jordan. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 6 (4): 385-391 [this journal has a dubious record, see http://goo.gl/81SBPv]
  • AL-SHEIKHLY, O.F., BÖHME, W., FAZAA, N.A., ABDULZAHRA, H.K., HABA, M.K., AL-ASSADY, R.H. & MOUSAVI, S.B. 2021. Außergewöhnliche Farbmorphen der Levanteotter Macrovipera lebetinus (Linnaeus, 1758) aus den mesopotamischen Sümpfen des Südiraks und Südwestirans. Sauria 43 (1): 38-50 - get paper here
  • ANANJEVA, NATALIA B.; KONSTANTIN D. MILTO, ANDREI V. BARABANOV, EVGENY A. GOLYNSKY 2020. An annotated type catalogue of amphibians and reptiles collected by Nikolay A. Zarudny in Iran and Middle Asia. Zootaxa 4722 (2): 101–128 - get paper here
  • Anderson, S. C. & A. E. Leviton 1969. Amphibians and reptiles collected by the Street expedition to Afghanistan, 1965. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4) 37: 25-56 - get paper here
  • Arakelyan, Marine S.; Felix D. Danielyan, Claudia Corti, Roberto Sindaco, and Alan E. Leviton 2011. The Herpetofauna of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. SSAR, Salt Lake City, 154 pp. [ISBN: 978-0-916984-84-7.]
  • Arıkan, H., Göçmen, B., Kumlutaş, Y., Alpagut-Keskin, N., Ilgaz, Ç & Yıldız, M.Z. 2008. Electrophoretic characterisation of the venom samples obtained from various Anatolian snakes (Serpentes: Colubridae, Viperidae, Elapidae). North-Western Journal of Zoology 4 (1): 16-28 - get paper here
  • ARIKAN, HÜSEYIN;BAYRAM GÖÇMEN, AHMET MERMER & HASAN BAHAR 2005. An electrophoretic comparison of the venoms of a colubrid and various viperid snakes from Turkey and Cyprus, with some taxonomic and phylogenetic implications. Zootaxa 1038: 1–10 - get paper here
  • Avcı, Aziz; Nazan Üzüm, Emin Bozkurt, Kurtuluş Olgun 2018. The Herpetofauna of Poorly Known Tunceli Province (Turkey). Russ. J. Herpetol. 25 (1): 17-24 - get paper here
  • Baier, F.; Sparrow, D.J. & Wiedl, H.J. 2009. The Amphibians and Reptiles of Cyprus. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt/M., ca. 370 pp.
  • Bamann, Thomas & Ines Aust 2023. Milos – zu Besuch bei Macrovipera schweizeri. Elaphe 2023 (1): 64-70
  • Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here
  • Billing,H. & Schätti,B. 1984. Vorläufige Mitteilung zum Subspezies-Problem bei Vipera lebetina. Salamandra 20 (2-3): 65-69 - get paper here
  • Bodenheimer, F. S. 1957. Vipera lebetina lebetina Linnaeus 1758 in Palestine. Studies in Biology (Jerusalem) 1, 114-118.
  • BODSON, Liliane 2009. L’interprétation des noms grecs et latins d’animaux illustrée par le cas du zoonyme seps-seps. Académie Royale de Belgique, Bruxelles, 368 pp.
  • Boettger, O. [as O. Böttger] 1880. Die Reptilien und Amphibien von Syrien, Palaestina und Cypern. Ber. Senckenb. Naturforsch. Ges., Frankfurt/M., 1879-1880: 132-219 - get paper here
  • Böhme,W. 1987. Nachweis von Vipera lebetina (LINNAEUS 1758) (Serpentes: Viperidae) an der zentralen Südküste der Türkei. Salamandra 23 (2-3): 173-175 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G. A. 1888. Second list of reptiles and batrachians from Cyprus. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 2: 505-506 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G. A. 1913. The snakes of Europe. Methusen & Co. Ltd, London, 151 pp.
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1887. List of reptiles and batrachians from Cyprus. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 20: 344-345 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1896. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum, Vol. 3. London (Taylor & Francis), xiv + 727 pp. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, George A. 1890. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor & Francis, London, xviii, 541 pp. - get paper here
  • Boulenger, George A. 1891. Catalogue of the reptiles and batrachians of Barbary (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), based chiefly upon the notes and collections made in 1880-1884 by M. Fernand Lataste. Tr. Zool. Soc. 13: 93-164
  • Broggi, Mario F. 2014. The herpetofauna of Kimolos (Milos Archipelago, Greece). Herpetozoa 27 (1/2): 102-103 - get paper here
  • Cattaneo, A. 1989. Note erpetologiche sulle isole greche di Serifos, Sifnos e Milos (Cicladi occidentali). Atti. Soc. ital. Sci. nat. Museo civ. Stor. nat. Milano 130: 57-76 - get paper here
  • Chernov S.A. 1939. Herpetological fauna of the Armenian SSR and Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Zoological collection, 1: 77-194. (Proceedings of the Biological Institute. Issue 3)
  • Chikin, Y.A. & Shcherbak, N.N. 1992. New subspecies of Vipera lebetina chernovi ssp. nov.. (Reptilia, Viperidae) from Middle Asia [in Russian]. Vestnik Zoologii, Kiev 1992 (6): 45-49
  • Clark,R.J. & Clark, E.D. 1973. Report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from Turkey. Occ. Pap. Cal. Acad. Sci. (104): 62 pp. - get paper here
  • Corkill, N. L. and Cochrane, J. A. 1966. The snakes of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 62 (3): 475-506 (1965) - get paper here
  • COŞKUN, Yüksel; Mahmut COŞKUN, Mario SCHWEIGER 2011. New locality records of blunt-nosed viper, Macrovipera lebetina obtusa in central Anatolia, Turkey (Serpentes: Viperidae). Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 32 (2): 22-28 - get paper here
  • David, Patrick, Natalia B. Ananjeva, Indraneil Das and Michael Golubev. 1999. Translation of the original description of Vipera obtusa Dwigubsky, 1832 (Serpentes: Viperidae: Viperinae), with designation of a neotype. Russ. J. Herpetol. 6 (3): 193-198 - get paper here
  • Davletbakov, A. T.; L. A. Kustareva, D. A. Milko, A. N. Ostastshenko, S. S. Sagymbaev, S. A. Toropov, N. V. Trotchenko 2015. Genetical Fund Cadastre of Kyrgyz Republic. Vol. IV. Phylum Chordata (chordates). Bishkek, 128 p. + XXXVI color tables - get paper here
  • Disi, A.M.; Modry, D.; Nečas, P. & Rifai, L. 2001. Amphibians and reptiles of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 408 pp.
  • Disi, Ahmad; Zuhair S. Amr, Nashat Hamidan 2014. Diversity, Threats, and Conservation of the Terrestrial and Freshwater Herpetofauna of Jordan. Russ. J. Herpetol. 21 (3): 221-233 - get paper here
  • Dobiey, M. & Vogel, G. 2007. Venomous Snakes of Africa - Giftschlangen Afrikas. Edition Chimaira, Terralog 15, 150 pp. - get paper here
  • Dunaev E.A., Orlova V.F. 2017. Amphibians and reptiles of Russia. Atlas and determination. 2nd. ed. Moscow: Phyton XXI, 328 p
  • Dwigubsky, I.A. 1832. Experience of the natural history of all animals of the Russian Empire, published by the Imperial University of Moscow, Honored Professor, State Counselor and Cavalier Ivan Dvigubsky. With images of animals. T. 4. Gady, or Animals Reptiles. [in Russi Imperial University of Moscow Press, 48 pp.
  • DYUGMEDZHIEV, ANGEL VALENTINOV; KOSTADIN ANDONOV, VLADIMIR TODOROV, GABRIEL MARTÍNEZ DEL MÁRMOL & NIKOLA STANCHEV. 2022. A possible case of syntopy between Bitis arietans and Daboia mauritanica based on new reptile localities in southwestern Morocco. Herpetology Notes 15: 33–36. - get paper here
  • Egan, D. 2007. Snakes of Arabia. Motivate Publishing, Dubai, 208 pp.
  • Engelmann, W.E. et al. 1993. Lurche und Kriechtiere Europas. Neumann Verlag (Radebeul, Germany), 440 pp.
  • Entzeroth, A. 1989. Ein weiteres Belegexemplar von Vipera lebetina (LINNAEUS 1758) (Serpentes: Viperidae) von der zentralen Südküste der Türkei. Salamandra 25 (1): 59-61 - get paper here
  • Fathnia, B.; N. Rastegar Pouyani; H. Darvishnia; M. Rajabzadeh 2010. The snake fauna of Ilam Province, southwestern Iran. Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics 6 (1) - get paper here
  • Freitas, Inês; Sylvain Ursenbacher, Konrad Mebert, Oleksandr Zinenko, Silke Schweiger, Wolfgang Wüster, José C. Brito, Jelka Crnobrnja-Isailovic ́, Bálint Halpern, Soumia Fahd, Xavier Santos, Juan M. Pleguezuelos, Ulrich Joger, Nikolay Orlov, Edv 2020. Evaluating taxonomic inflation: towards evidence-based species delimitation in Eurasian vipers (Serpentes: Viperinae). Amphibia-Reptilia 41 (3): 285–311 - get paper here
  • FRÉTEY, THIERRY 2019. Capitalised epithets in the works of Linnaeus (1758‒1767): findings and consequences in herpetology. Bionomina 16 (1): 22–45 - get paper here
  • Garrigues, Thomas; Catherine Dauga; Elisabeth Ferquel; Valérie Choumet and Anna-Bella Failloux 2005. Molecular phylogeny of Vipera Laurenti, 1768 and the related genera Macrovipera (Reuss, 1927) and Daboia (Gray, 1842), with comments about neurotoxic Vipera aspis aspis populations. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution <br>Volume 35 (1): 35-47 - get paper here
  • Gasperetti,J. 1988. Snakes of Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 9: 169-450
  • Gemel, R.; G. Gassner & S. Schweiger 2019. Katalog der Typen der Herpetologischen Sammlung des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien – 2018. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 121: 33–248
  • Göçmen, B.; Arikan, H.; Cicek, K. & Yildiz, Z. 2007. A serological comparison of the populations of the Levantine Viper, Macrovipera lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758) in Cyprus and Southern Turkey. North-Western Journal of Zoology 3 (2): 75-80 - get paper here
  • Gocmen, Bayram; Arikan, Huseyin; Mermer, Ahmet; Langerwerf, Bert; Hahar, Hasan 2006. Morphological, hemipenial and venom electrophoresis comparisons of the Levantine viper, Macrovipera lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758), from Cyprus and Southern Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Zoology 30:225-234 - get paper here
  • Göçmen, Bayram; Mehmet K. Atatür; Abidin Budak; Hasan Bahar; Mehmet Zülfü Yildiz; Nurşen Alpagut-Keskin 2009. Taxonomic notes on the snakes of Northern Cyprus, with observations on their morphologies and ecologies. Animal Biology 59: 1–30 - get paper here
  • Gruber, U. 2009. Die Schlangen Europas, 2. Aufl. Kosmos Naturführer, 266 pp.
  • Gumprecht, A. & U. Lauten 1997. Zur Fortpflanzung und Haltung der Levante - Otter Macrovipera lebetina lebetina. Sauria 19 (1): 39-43 - get paper here
  • Haas G. and Werner, Y. L. 1969. Lizards and snakes from Southwestern Asia, collected by Henry Field. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard 138: 327-406. - get paper here
  • Harrington, Sean M; Jordyn M de Haan, Lindsey Shapiro, Sara Ruane 2018. Habits and characteristics of arboreal snakes worldwide: arboreality constrains body size but does not affect lineage diversification. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 125 (1): 61–71 - get paper here
  • Hellebuyck, Tom 2016. Picture: Milos viper (Macrovipera lebetina). Litteratura Serpentium 36 (3): 110 - get paper here
  • Herrmann, H. W.; Joger, U.; Lenk, P. & Wink, M. 1999. Morphological and molecular phylogenies of viperines: conflicting evidence? Kaupia (Darmstadt) (8): 21-30 - get paper here
  • Herrmann, H. W.; Joger,U. & Nilson,G. 1992. Phylogeny and systematics of viperine snakes. III.: Resurrection of the genus Macrovipera (REUSS, 1927) as suggested by biochemical evidence. Amphibia-Reptilia 13: 375-392 - get paper here
  • Hoser, R. 2012. A taxonomic revision of the Vipera palaestinae Werner, 1938 species group, with the creation of a new genus and a new subgenus. Australasian J. Herpetol. 11: 53-55 - get paper here
  • Hraoui-Bloquet, S.; Sadek, R.A.; Sindaco, R. & Venchi, A. 2002. The herpetofauna of Lebanon: new data on distribution. Zoology in the Middle East 27: 35-46 - get paper here
  • Jablonski, Daniel & Rafaqat Masroor 2020. Macrovipera lebetinus in Pakistan. Herpetological Bulletin 153: 44-45 - get paper here
  • JESTRZEMSKI, D. 2019. Levanteotter im Swimmingpool - Untersuchungen an Macrovipera lebetina auf Zypem Elaphe 2019 (5): 62-65
  • Jestrzemski, D., Kuzyakova, I. 2018. Morphometric characteristics and seasonal proximity to water of the Cypriot blunt-nosed viper Macrovipera lebetina lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758). Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases (2018) 24:42 - get paper here
  • Jestrzemski, Daniel 2015. Feldstudie zur zypriotischen Levanteotter (Macrovipera lebetina lebetina). Terraria-Elaphe 2015 (1): 54-57 [2014] - get paper here
  • Jestrzemski, Daniel 2023. „Wen rieche ich, und wenn ja, wie viele?“ – Grundlagenforschung zur chemischen Ökologie der zypriotischen Levanteotter (Macrovipera lebetina lebetina). Elaphe 2023 (1): 72-75
  • Kabisch, K. & Wiedl, H.J. 2009. Zur Levanteotter, Macrovipera lebetina lebetina (LINNAEUS, 1758) auf Zypern. Sauria 30 (4): 29-36 [2008] - get paper here
  • Kaiser, H.; Crother, B.I.; Kelly, C.M.R.; Luiselli, L.; O’Shea, M.; Ota, H.; Passos, P.; Schleip, W.D. & Wüster, W. 2013. Best Practices: In the 21st Century, Taxonomic Decisions in Herpetology are Acceptable Only When Supported by a Body of Evidence and Published via Peer-Review. Herpetological Review 44 (1): 8-23
  • Kamali, Kamran 2020. A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Iran. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (www.chimaira.de). 574 pp.
  • Kamelin, Eugeny R., Yuri A. Lukin, and Konstantin D. Milto 1997. Hybridization of Vipera schweizeri (Werner, 1935) and Vipera lebetina obtusa, Dvigubsky 1832. Russ. J. Herpetol. 4(1):75-78 - get paper here
  • Khan, M.S. 1983. Venomous terrestrial snakes of Pakistan. The Snake 15 (2): 101-105.
  • Khan, M.S. 2002. Die Schlangen Pakistans [English edition as “A Guide to the snakes of Pakistan”]. Edition Chimaira (Frankfurt am Main), 265 pp. [review in HR 34: 400, Russ J Herp 12: 79] - get paper here
  • Krecsák, László 2007. An account of the generic and specific names, and type specimens of viperid taxa described by Albert Franz Theodor Reuss (Squamata: Viperidae). Zootaxa 1514: 1–36 - get paper here
  • Kreiner, Guido 2014. Die Milosotter, Macrovipera schweizeri, ein Endemit der Kykladen. Terraria-Elaphe 2014 (3): 30-36 - get paper here
  • KUCHARZEWSKI, C 2011. OLD WORLD VIPERS. A natural history of the Azemiopinae and Viperinae von Tony PHELPS – Anmerkungen, Ergänzungen, Korrekturen. Sauria 33 (3): 19-42 - get paper here
  • Kukushkin, Oleg; Tavakkul Iskenderov, Saxib Axmedov, Sabina Bunyatova and Oleksandr Zinenko. 2012. Additions to the distribution of Vipera eriwanensis (Serpentes: Viperidae) in Transcaucasia, with comments on the identity of vipers in northeastern Azerbaijan. Herpetology Notes 6: 423-427
  • Kwet, A. 2010. Reptilien und Amphibien Europas. Kosmos-Verlag, Stuttgart, 252 pp.
  • Kwet, Axel 2012. 100 Jahre Herpetologia Europaea. Terraria-Elaphe 2012 (3): 107-111 - get paper here
  • Kwet, Axel & Benny Trapp 2014. Liste der Reptilien Europas. Draco 15 (60): 72-79 - get paper here
  • Kwet, Axel & Benny Trapp 2014. Die Vipern Europas. Draco 15 (60): 40-56 - get paper here
  • Laita, Mark 2013. Serpentine. Abrams and PQ Blackwell, Auckland, New Zealand, 200 unnumbered pages
  • Lescure, J. & Le Garff, B. 2006. L'Étymologie des noms d'amphibiens et de reptiles. Belin, Éveil nature, Paris [book review in Bibliotheca Herpetologica 6 (2)] - get paper here
  • Linnaeus, C. [= Linné, C. von] 1758. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiæ. 10th Edition: 824 pp. - get paper here
  • LiVigni, F. (ed.) 2013. A Life for Reptiles and Amphibians, Volume 1. Chimaira, Frankfurt, 495 pp. - get paper here
  • Mattison, Chris 1996. Saving the Milos viper. Reptiles 4 (9): 92-101
  • McDiarmid, R.W.; Campbell, J.A. & Touré,T.A. 1999. Snake species of the world. Vol. 1. [type catalogue] Herpetologists’ League, 511 pp.
  • Mebert, Konrad; Bayram Göçmen, Naşİt İğcİ, Mehmet Anil Oğuz, Mert Kariş & Sylvain Ursenbacher 2015. New records and search for contact zones among parapatric vipers in the genus Vipera (barani, kaznakovi, darevskii, eriwanensis), Montivipera (wagneri, raddei), and Macrovipera (lebetina) in northeastern Anatolia. Herpetological Bulletin (133) - get paper here
  • Meiri, Shai; Amos Belmaker, Daniel Berkowic, Kesem Kazes, Erez Maza, Guy Bar-Oz and Roi Dor 2019. A checklist of Israeli land vertebrates. Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution - get paper here
  • MERMER, Ahmet; Bayram GÖÇMEN and Kerim ÇİÇEK 2012. Extreme cases of colour pattern and size in Levantine Viper, Macrovipera lebetina (L., 1758) from the West of Euphrates Basin (Southern Anatolia, Turkey). BIHAREAN BIOLOGIST 6 (1): 70-71 - get paper here
  • Mertens, R. 1955. Der Typus von Vipera lebetina schweizeri. Senckenbergiana biologica 36: 297-299.
  • Mertens, R., and L. Müller. 1928. Liste der Amphibien und Reptilian Europas. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main. 41: 1-62.
  • Moradi, Naeim; Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar Rastegar-Pouyani 2014. Geographic variation in the morphology of Macrovipera lebetina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ophidia: Viperidae) in Iran. Acta Herpetologica 9 (2): 187-202 - get paper here
  • Nilson, G. & ANDRÉN,C. 1988. Vipera lebetina transmediterranea, a new subspecies of viper from North Africa, with remarks on the taxonomy of V. lebetina and V. mauritanica (Reptilia: Viperidae). Bonner Zoologische Beiträge 39: 371-379 - get paper here
  • Nilson, G., Andren, C., & Flärdh, B. 1988. Die Vipern der Türkei. Salamandra 24 (4): 215-247 - get paper here
  • Nilson, Göran 2019. The Ecology and Conservation of the Milos Viper, Macrovipera schweizeri. in: Lillywhite, H.B & Martins, M. (eds.) Islands and Snakes, OUP, pp. 181 ff.
  • Nilson, Göran; Claes Andrén , Yiannis Ioannidis, Maria Dimaki 1999. Ecology and conservation of the Milos viper, Macrovipera schweizeri (Werner, 1935). Amphibia-Reptilia 20 (4): 355-375 - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • Phelps, T. 2010. Old World Vipers. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 558 pp. [critical review in Sauria 33 (3): 19 and HR 43: 503]
  • Pola, L., Hejduk, V., Winkelhöfer, T., Zíka, A., Baker, M. A. A., & Amr, Z. S. 2020. Recent Observations on Amphibians and Reptiles in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Jordan Journal of Natural History, 7: 11-29 - get paper here
  • Radspieler, C. & Schweiger,M. 1989. Die Levanteotter Daboia (Synonym Vipera) lebetina (LINNAEUS, 1758), Teil 1: Taxonomische und ökologische Betrachtungen. Herpetofauna 11 (62): 29-34 - get paper here
  • Rajabizadeh, M. 2018. Snakes of Iran. [in Farsi] Tehran: Iranshenasi, 496 pp. [2017 ?] - get paper here
  • RASTEGAR-POUYANI, NASRULLAH; HAJI GHOLI KAMI, MEHDI RAJABZADEH, SOHEILA SHAFIEI AND STEVEN CLEMENT ANDERSON 2008. Annotated Checklist of Amphibians and Reptiles of Iran. Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics 4 (1): 7-30
  • Reuss, T. 1933. Fortsetzung und Schluss der Originalberichte. Nachr. Bl. Aquar. Terrar.-Ver. 1933: 372-373
  • Reuss, T. 1933. No title (Vereinsberichte “Lacerta”, Gesellschaft für Terrarienkunde, Berlin.). Nachrichtenblatt für Aquarien- und Terrarien-Vereine 8: 98- 99
  • Rhadi, Fadhel Aabbas;Rihab Ghaleb Mohammed, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani,Eskandar Rastegar-Pouyani, Seyyed Saeed Hosseinian Yousefkhani 2017. On the Snake Fauna of Central and Southern Iraq and Some Zoogeographic Remarks. Russ. J. Herpetol. 24 (4): 251-266 - get paper here
  • Sahi D.N., Koul S. 2020. Annotated List of Amphibians and Reptiles of Jammu and Kashmir State. In: Dar G. & Khuroo A. (eds) Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State. Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation, vol 18. Springer, Singapore - get paper here
  • Sanz, L.; Ayvazyan, N.; Calvete, J.J. 2008. Snake venomics of the Armenian mountain vipers Macrovipera lebetina obtusa and Vipera raddei. Journal of Proteomics 71(2):198-209. - get paper here
  • Savage, J. M. & McDiarmid, R.W. (eds.) 2017. The Herpetological Contributions of Giorgio Jan (1791-1866). SSAR, 920 pp. - get paper here
  • Schleich, H.H., Kästle,W., Kabisch, K. 1996. Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa. Koeltz, Koenigstein, 627 pp.
  • Schlüter, U. 2009. Die Schlangenfauna Europas. Draco 10 (39): 4-21 - get paper here
  • Schmid, A. 2015. Feta-Käse, Sonne und Schlangen. Willkommen auf Milos! Reptilia (Münster) 20 (113): 90-95 - get paper here
  • Schmidt,K.P. 1939. Reptiles and amphibians from Southwestern Asia. Publ. Field Mus. nat. Hist., zool. Ser., 24: 49-92 - get paper here
  • Scholz, Sebastian 2021. Beobachtungen bei der Haltung und Nachzucht der Kykladenotter (Macrovipera lebetinus schweizeri) mit Bemerkungen zur Vererbung der roten Farbvariante. Elaphe 2021 (3): 72-86
  • Schwarz,E. 1936. Untersuchungen über Systematik und Verbreitung der europäischen und mediterranen Ottern. In: Die europäischen und mediterranen Ottern und ihre Gifte. Behringwerk-Mitteilungen 7: 159-362
  • Schweiger, M. 1981. Auf der Suche nach Milos-Levanteottern (Vipera lebetina schweizeri) und die Haltung dieser im Terrarium. Herpetofauna 3 (10): 10-11 - get paper here
  • Schweiger, M. 2009. Die Giftschlangen Europas. Eine Übersicht der Arten und Bemerkungen zu einzelnen Taxa. Reptilia (Münster) 14 (76): 14-25 - get paper here
  • Scortecci, G. 1932. Rettili dello Yemen. Atti soc. Ital. Sci.Nat. 71: 39-49 - get paper here
  • Sharma, R. C. 2004. Handbook Indian Snakes. AKHIL BOOKS, New Delhi, 292 pp.
  • Shine, Richard;Madsen, Thomas 1994. Sexual dichromatism in snakes of the genus Vipera: A review and a new evolutionary hypothesis. Journal of Herpetology 28 (1): 114-117 - get paper here
  • Sindaco, R.; Alberto Venchi & Cristina Grieco 2013. The Reptiles of the Western Palearctic, Volume 2: Annotated Checklist and Distributional Atlas of the Snakes of Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia, with an Update to Volume 1. Edizioni Belvedere, Latina (Italy), 543 pp. - get paper here
  • Sindaco, Roberto; Alberto Venchi, Giuseppe M. Carpaneto, Marco A. Bologna 2000. The Reptiles of Anatolia: a Checklist and Zoogeographical analysis. Biogeographia, 21-2000: 441-554. - get paper here
  • Smith, M.A. 1943. The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-Region. Reptilia and Amphibia. 3 (Serpentes). Taylor and Francis, London. 583 pp.
  • Speybroeck, Jeroen; Wouter Beukema, Christophe Dufresnes, Uwe Fritz, Daniel Jablonski, Petros Lymberakis, Iñigo Martínez-Solano, Edoardo Razzetti, Melita Vamberger, Miguel Vences, Judit Vörös0, Pierre-André Crochet 2020. Species list of the European herpetofauna – 2020 update by the Taxonomic Committee of the Societas Europaea Herpetologica.. Amphibia-Reptilia 41: 139-189 - get paper here
  • Stümpel, Nikolaus; Ulrich Joger 2009. Recent advances in phylogeny and taxonomy of Near and Middle Eastern Vipers – an update. ZooKeys 31: 179-191 - get paper here
  • Šmíd, Jiří;, & Krystal A. Tolley 2019. Calibrating the tree of vipers under the fossilized birth-death model. Scientific Reports 9:5510 - get paper here
  • Tillack, F. & Kucharzewski, C. 2004. Buchbesprechung: Khan: Die Schlangen Pakistans. Reptilia (Münster) 9 (45): 92-96 - get paper here
  • Tok, C. V., D. Cihan & D. Ayaz 2002. A new record of Macrovipera lebetina obtusa (Viperidae) from south-eastern Anatolia. Zoology in the Middle East 25: 23 - get paper here
  • Trape, J.-F. 2023. Guide des serpents d’Afrique occidentale, centrale et d’Afrique du Nord. IRD Éditions, Marseille, 896 pp.
  • Trutnau, L. 1975. Europäische Amphibien und Reptilien. Belser Verlag, Stuttgart 212 pp.
  • Tuniyev, B.S.; N.L. Orlov, N.B. Ananjeva and A.L. Aghasyan 2019. Snakes of the Caucasus: taxonomic diversity, distribution, conservation. St. Petersburg, Moscow. KMK Scientific Press. 2019. 276 pp. - get paper here
  • Venchi, Alberto and Roberto Sindaco 2006. Annotated checklist of the reptiles of the Mediterranean countries, with keys to species identification. Part 2 -Snakes (Reptilia, Serpentes). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "G. Doria", Genova, XCVIII: 259-364
  • Wall, F. 1906. The poisonous snakes of India and how to recognize them, Part II. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 17: 299-334 - get paper here
  • Wall,F. 1908. Notes on a collection of snakes from Persia. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 18: 795-805 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Werner, F. 1936. Reptiles from Mount Troodos, Cyprus. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1936: 655-658 - get paper here
  • Werner,F. 1935. Reptilien der Ägäischen Inseln. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien 144: 81-117 - get paper here
  • Whitaker, Romulus and Ashok Captain 2004. Snakes of India. Draco Books, 500 pp., reprinted 2007 - get paper here
  • Yangiboyev, E. C.; Mamarakhimov, O. M., Makhmudova, M. M., Nabiev, U. A., & Karamatova, G. 2024. The diversity of reptiles in different ecological environments of mountainous parts of Kashkadarya region. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 510, p. 03012). EDP Sciences - get paper here
  • Yousefi, M., Yousefkhani, S. S. H., Kafash, A., & Pouyani, E. R. 2024. Predicting the impacts of climate change on distribution of the genus Macrovipera A. F. Reuss, 1927 in Iran (Reptiles: Squamata). Iranian Journal of Animal Biosystematics (IJAB) 19 (2): 103-xx - get paper here
  • Zwinenberg, A. J. 1979. Biologie en status van de Levantijnse Adden van de Cycladen, Vipera lebetina schweizeri. Lacerta 9: 138-146. - get paper here
 
External links  
Is it interesting? Share with others:


Please submit feedback about this entry to the curator