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Masticophis flagellum (SHAW, 1802)

IUCN Red List - Masticophis flagellum - Least Concern, LC
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Higher TaxaColubridae, Colubrinae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
SubspeciesMasticophis flagellum flagellum (SHAW 1802)
Masticophis flagellum lineatulus SMITH 1941
Masticophis flagellum ruddocki BRATTSTROM & WARREN 1953
Masticophis flagellum testaceus (SAY 1822) 
Common NamesE: Coachwhip
flagellum: Eastern Coachwhip
cingulum: Sonoran Coachwhip
lineatulus: Lined Coachwhip
piceus: Red Coachwhip
ruddocki: San Joaquin Coachwhip
testaceus: Western Coachwhip
G: Kutscherpeitschen-Natter
S: Chirrionera 
SynonymColuber Flagellum SHAW 1802: 475
Coluber americanus GRAVENHORST 1807
Psammophis flavigularis HALLOWELL 1852: 178
Herpetodryas flagelliformis — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854: 210
Bascanium flagelliforme bicinctum YARROW 1883
Coluber constrictor var. flagelliformis — GARMAN 1884: 42
Zamenis flagelliformis — BOULENGER 1893: 389
Bascanion flagellum frenatum STEJNEGER 1893: 208
Bascanion flagellum — LOENNBERG 1894
Bascanion flagellum frenatum — VAN DENBURGH 1895: 147
Zamenis flagellum var. frenatum — MOCQUARD 1899: 323
Bascanion flagellum frenatum — STEJNEGER 1902: 155
Bascanion flagellum frenatum — VAN DENBURGH 1913
Bascanian constrictor frenatum — BRYANT 1916
Coluber flagellum flagellum — BURT 1935
Coluber flagellum flavi-gularis — BURT 1935
Masticophis flagellum frenatum — TAYLOR 1938: 490
Coluber flagellum flavigularis — FUGLER 1956
Masticophis flagellum — STEBBINS 1985: 181
Masticophis flagellum flagellum — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 186
Masticophis flagellum — LINER 1994
Coluber flagellum — UTIGER et al. 2005 (by implication)
Coluber flagellum — CROTHER et al. 2012
Masticophis flagellum — WALLACH et al. 2014: 418
Masticophis flagellum — O’CONNELL et al. 2017
Masticophis flagellum — MYERS et al. 2017

Masticophis flagellum flagellum (SHAW 1802)
Coluber Flagellum SHAW 1802: 475
Zamenis flagellum flagellum — COPE 1900: 799
Coluber flagellum flagellum — ALLEN 1932
Masticophis flagellum flagellum — CROTHER 2000: 65
Masticophis flagellum flagellum — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 313
Masticophis flagellum flagellum — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009
Coluber flagellum flagellum — GUYER et al. 2018
Masticophis flagellum flagellum — O’CONNELL et al. 2018

Masticophis flagellum lineatulus SMITH 1941
Masticophis flagellum lineatulus SMITH 1941: 394
Masticophis flagellum lineatulus — SMITH & TAYLOR 1945: 95
Masticophis lineatulus lineatulus — FUGLER & DIXON 1961
Masticophis flagellum lineatulus — WILLIAMS & WILSON 1965
Masticophis flagellum lineatulus — WEBB 1984
Masticophis flagellum lineatulus — TANNER 1985: 636
Masticophis flagellum lineatulus — CROTHER 2000: 65
Coluber flagellum lineatulus — LINER 2007
Masticophis flagellum lineatulus — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009
Coluber flagellum lineatulus — CROTHER et al. 2012
Masticophis flagellum lineatulus — O’CONNELL et al. 2018

Masticophis flagellum ruddocki BRATTSTROM & WARREN 1953
Masticophis flagellum ruddocki BRATTSTROM & WARREN 1953
Masticophis flagellum ruddocki — CROTHER 2000: 66
Masticophis flagellum ruddocki — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009
Coluber flagellum ruddocki — CROTHER et al. 2012
Masticophis flagellum ruddocki — THOMSON et al. 2016

Masticophis flagellum testaceus (SAY 1822)
Coluber testaceus SAY 1822: 48
Coluber constrictor var. testaceus — GARMAN 1884: 43
Bascanium flagelliforme testaceum — COPE 1886: 284
Coluber testaceus — GARMAN 1887: 127
Bascanicum flagelliforme testaceum — COPE 1893: 387
Masticophis flngellum testaceus — SMITH 1944
Coluber flagellum testaceus — JAMESON & FLURY 1949
Masticophis flagellum testaceus — SHANNON & SMITH 1949
Masticophis flagellum testaceus — STEBBINS 1985: 182
Masticophis flagellum testaceus — MEHRTENS 1987: 144
Masticophis flagellum testaceus — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 187
Masticophis flagellum testaceus — CROTHER 2000: 66
Masticophis flagellum testaceus — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 315
Coluber flagellum testaceus — LINER 2007
Masticophis flagellum testaceus — COLLINS & TAGGART 2009
Coluber flagellum testaceus — CROTHER et al. 2012
Masticophis flagellum testaceus — O’CONNELL et al. 2018 
DistributionUSA (California ?, S Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, SW Utah ?, SE Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Texas, SW Nebraska, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, SE North Carolina),
Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, NW Sinaloa, Durango, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Aguascalientes, Jalisco, Hidalgo, Guanajuato, Veracruz, Nayarit)

flagellum: USA (E Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana). Type locality: see comment; restricted to Charleston, South Carolina (Schmidt, 1953).

lineatulus: Mexico (Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila, Zacatecas); Type locality: 11 mi south of San Buenaventura, Chihuahua, Mexico.

ruddocki: USA (California: San Joaquin Valley); type locality: 1/4 mile south of ridge at Wheeler Ridge and 1.5 miles west of US highway 99, Kern County, California.

testaceus: USA (Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma); Mexico (Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, NE Sonora, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Chihuahua) (HR 33: 68); Type locality: headwaters of Arkansas River near the Rocky Mountains =junction of Turkey Creek with the Arkansas River, 12 mi W Pueblo, Pueblo County, Colorado.  
Reproductionoviparous. 
TypesHolotype: nondesignated (according to WILSON 1973)
Holotype: USNM 105292, adult female, collected by H. M. Smith, 22 October 1938 [lineatulus]
Holotype: CAS 91204, originally UCLA 6108, also reported to be in MVZ, adult male, collected by J. W. Warren, 12 April 1953; confirmed to be in CAS by L. Scheinberg, pers. comm, 13 Feb 2019 [ruddocki]
Holotype: lost, fide WILSON 1973 [testaceus]
Syntypes: (2) 5387-88, frontiers of Texas to Creek Territory; [Psammophis flavigularis]
Holotype: lost, was USNM 11814 [Bascanium flagelliforme bicinctum] 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (5918 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentSynonymy: Masticophis f. fuliginosus is now considered as a full species according to GRISMER (1994). Previously it had been synonymized with M. f. piceus. C. flagellum is non-monophyletic with respect to M. bilineatus and other populations of Coluber (Masticophis) (O’Connell et al. 2017).

Subspecies: ruddocki is a consistely light yellow racer lacking the dark head and neck bands of the red forms of M. f. piceus.

Distribution: Not in Querétaro fide Tepos-Ramírez et al. (2023).

Phylogenetics: several clades within M. flagellum are paraphyletic, e.g. M. f. cingulum with M. fuliginosus (O’Connell et al. 2018).

Type locality: "Carolina and Virginia" (in error, the species does not occur in Virginia as currently defined).

Key: Smith 1941 has a key to the Mexican species of Masticophis. 
EtymologyThe specific name flagellum is the diminutive of the Latin word flagrum, meaning "whip or lash," also in reference to the color pattern of the tail. 
References
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