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Mesalina olivieri (AUDOUIN, 1829)

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Higher TaxaLacertidae, Eremiadinae, Sauria, Lacertoidea, Squamata (lizards)
SubspeciesMesalina olivieri olivieri (AUDOUIN 1829)
Mesalina olivieri schmidtii (HAAS 1951) 
Common NamesE: Olivier's Sand Lizard
G: (Oliviers) Wüstenrenner 
SynonymLacerta olivieri AUDOUIN 1829: 122, 175
Eremias guichenoti DOUMERGUE 1901
Mesalina olivieri susana (BOULENGER 1918)
Mesalina olivieri latasti (BOULENGER, 1918)
Eremias guttulata oliveri — BOULENGER 1921
Eremias guttulata oliveri — PARKER 1942: 60
Eremias olivieri — DEKEYSER & VILLIERS 1956
Eremias guttulata oliveri — BONS 1959
Eremias olivieri olivieri — PAPENFUSS 1969: 296
Mesalina olivieri — SZCZERBAK 1975
Mesalina guttulata susana — SZCZERBAK 1989
Mesalina olivieri latasti — SZCZERBAK 1989
Mesalina olivieri — SCHLEICH, KÄSTLE & KABISCH 1996: 420
Mesalina olivieri — TRAPE, CHIRIO & TRAPE 2012
Mesalina olivieri — MEIRI et al. 2019

Mesalina olivieri schmidtii (HAAS, 1951)
Mesalina olivieri schmidtii — SZCZERBAK 1989
Mesalina olivieri schmidti — DISI et al. 2004
Mesalina olivieri schmidti — AL-QURAN 2009 
DistributionMorocco, Algeria, Western Sahara, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Sinai, Israel, Jordan, S Iraq, N Saudi Arabia

latasti: SE Algeria (not reconfirmed)

schmidtii: Israel, Jordan; Type locality: Israel, Wadi Nefk.

Type locality: Egypt.  
Reproductionoviparous; females deposit 2 or more clutches per year with 2 – 4 eggs per clutch: spermatogenesis is almost continuous but oviposition does not occur in mid-winter despite the lizards being active all year. (Yousefkhani et al. 2015). 
TypesTypes: BMNH 1946.8.6.56-57 (and possibly additional specimens).
Holotype: HUJ (Hebrew University) No. 1765, male [schmidtii] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: Small, short-headed and broad-snouted lizard that is sympatric with M. guttulata over much of its range. It was very common at the beginning of the 20th century but has been reduced in numbers by agricultural projects. It feeds on small insects, spiders, snails and mites, which form a substantial part of its diet in some places. In appearance it is similar to M. simoni.
Ground color is some variation of brown, from dark to beige, while the head may be silvery gray in old specimens. Dorsal pattern also varies on some arrangement of six longitudinal lines. Limbs are same color as body but with small spots. Lower flanks may be dotted with black.
Activity: M. olivieri is active all year round but diurnal activity may extend into dusk during summer. It may also estivate (Audouin, 1829).
Habitat: flat terraces of open ground with stones and shrubs; sandy or loamy soils with Frankenia thymifolia and Zygophyllum album; Halfa grass steppes; and sandy regions with rocks in the Saharan region.
Occipital scale well developed, four supraoculars of which 1st and 4th are small and divided. Nostrils rounded and protruding, situated between 3 scales one of which touches rostral. Frontal region somewhat bulging. Up to 7 supralabials; the 5th contacts the eye in 90% of specimens examined, the 6th and rarely the 7th in 10%. Four pairs of submaxillaries, of which anterior 3 are in contact. Gular fold and collar generally distinct. 35 to 50 (usually 40 – 47) smooth scales across middle of body. Eight longitudinal rows plus marginal row of half-sized plates on each side. Femoral pores 14 – 15 beneath each thigh. Males can be distinguished from females by the presence of a ventrally flattened tail base (rounded in females). (Yousefkhani et al. 2015). 
CommentSubspecies after SCHLEICH, KÄSTLE & KABISCH 1996. Mesalina olivieri simoni BOETTGER 1881, Mesalina olivieri martini (BOULENGER 1887), and Mesalina olivieri balfouri BLANFORD 1881 have been elevated to species status. Southern populations of M. olivieri have been described as Mesalina simoni saharae PIZZIGALLI et al. 2021.

Distribution: Not listed for Iraq by Mohammed et al. 2017 (RJH 24: 193). See Bar et al. 2021 for a map. 
EtymologyNamed after Guillaume-Antoine Olivier (1756-1814), a botanist, entomologist, and malacologist and one of the great French naturalists. 
References
  • Al-Quran, S. 2009. The Herpetofauna of the Southern Jordan. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 6 (4): 385-391 [this journal has a dubious record, see http://goo.gl/81SBPv]
  • Audouin, J. V. 1827. Explication sommaire des planches de reptiles (supplément) ... offrant un exposé des caractères naturels des genres, avec la distinction des espèces. . In: Savigny, M. J. C. L. de., Description d’Égypte, Vol. l. Historie Naturelle. Paris: Imprimerie impériale/Imprimerie royale - get paper here
  • Baha el Din, S. 2006. A guide to the reptiles and amphibians of Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo. xvi + 359 pp.
  • Baha El Din, Sherif M. and Omar Attum 2000. The herpetofauna of Zaranik Protected Area, Egypt, with notes on their ecology and conservation. Herpetological Bulletin (73): 17-21 - get paper here
  • Bar, A., Haimovitch, G. and Meiri, S. 2021. Field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of Israel. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt Am Main. ISBN 9783-89973-120-0 - get paper here
  • Bar, Aviad and Guy Haimovitch 2012. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Israel. Pazbar LTD, 246 pp. - get paper here
  • Bauer, Aaron M.; Jonathan C. DeBoer , Dylan J. Taylor 2017. Atlas of the Reptiles of Libya. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 64 (8): 155-318 - get paper here
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  • Bosch, Herman in den 2006. Note on the reproduction of a pair of Egyptian Mesalina olivieri (Audouin, 1829) Podarcis 7 (1/2): 2-6 - get paper here
  • Corti, C., Haj, S. B., Nouira, S., Ouni, R., Rivière, V., Delaugerre, M. J., & Cascio, P. L. 2022. The Herpetofauna of the Tunisian islands. Naturalista Siciliano, 4(66), 117-124
  • Crochet, Pierre Andre; Raphael Leblois, Julien Pierre Renoult 2015. New reptile records from Morocco and Western Sahara. Herpetology Notes 8: 583-588 - get paper here
  • Disi, A.M.; Modry, D.; Nečas, P. & Rifai, L. 2001. Amphibians and reptiles of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 408 pp.
  • Disi, Ahmad M., Zuhair S. Amr and Harald Martens 2004. On a collection of amphibians and reptiles made by J. Klapperich in Jordan. Herpetozoa 16 (3/4):141-150 - get paper here
  • Doumergue,F. 1901. Essai sur la faune erpétologique de l'Oranie avec des tableaux analytiques et des notations pour la détermination de tous les reptiles et batraciens du Maroc, de l'Algerie et de la Tunisie. L. Fouque, Oran, 404 pp. - get paper here
  • Elbahi A, Lawton C, Oubrou W, El Bekkay M, Hermas J, Dugon M 2022. Reptile biodiversity in Souss-Massa National Park: an internationally important hotspot in the Mediterranean region. Biodiversity Data Journal 10: e79088 - get paper here
  • Escoriza, Daniel 2017. Patterns of alpha diversity among Tunisian lizards (Lacertidae). Journal of Arid Environments - get paper here
  • Frommer, Jürgen 2008. Beobachtungen an den Eidechsen Jordaniens. Die Eidechse 19 (1): 1-13 - get paper here
  • Geniez, P.; Mateo, J.A.; Geniez, M. & Pether, J. 2004. The amphibians and reptiles of the Western Sahara (former Spanish Sahara) and adjacent regions. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 228 pp. [reviewed in Reptilia GB 44: 81]
  • Goldberg, Stephen R. 2013. Mesalina olivieri (Olivier's sand lizard) reproduction. Herpetological Review 44 (4): 676-677 - get paper here
  • Goldberg, Stephen R. and Charles R. Bursey. 2013. Mesalina olivieri (Olivier's sand lizard) cestode endoparasites. Herpetological Review 44 (4): 676 - get paper here
  • Haas, G. 1951. Remarks on the status of the lizard Eremias olivieri in Palestina, and a description of a new subspecies. Copeia 1951 (4): 274-276 - get paper here
  • Hosseinian-Yousefkhani, Seyyed Saeed; Gabriel M.D. Marmol Marin, Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani, Eskandar Rastegar-Pouyani 2015. A Bibliographic Recompilation of the Genus Mesalina Gray, 1838 (Sauria: Lacertidae) with a Key to the Species. Russ. J. Herpetol. 22 (1): 23-34 - get paper here
  • Joger, U. & Mayer, W. 2002. A new species of Mesalina (Reptilia: Lacertidae) from Abd al-Kuri, Socotra Archipelago, Yemen, and a preliminary molecular phylogeny for the genus Mesalina. Fauna of Arabia 19: 497-505
  • Kapli, P., Lymberakis, P., Crochet, P.-A., Geniez, P., Brito, J. C., Almutairi, M., Ahmadzadeh, F., Schmitz, A., Wilms, T., Pouyani, N. R., Poulakakis, N. 2014. Historical biogeography of the lacertid lizard Mesalina in North Africa and the Middle East. Journal of Biogeography, doi: 10.1111/jbi.12420 - get paper here
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  • Pizzigalli, C., Crochet, P.-A., Geniez, P., Martínez-Freiría, F., Velo-Antón, G., & Carlos Brito, J. 2021. Phylogeographic diversification of the Mesalina olivieri species complex (Squamata: Lacertidae) with the description of a new species and a new subspecies endemic from North West Africa. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 00, 1– 29 - get paper here
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