Micrurus tener (BAIRD & GIRARD, 1853)

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Higher Taxa	Elapidae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies
Common Names	E: Texas Coral Snake E: Tamaulipas coral snake [tamaulipensis] E: Guanajuato coral snake [fitzingeri] E: Tampico coral snake [maculatus] E: Spotted coral snake [microgalbineus] E: Texas coral snake [tener] S: Coralillo Tejano E: Saddled Coral Snake (Blotched Coral Snake) [bernadi] S: Coralillo Ensillado [bernadi]
Synonym	Elaps tenere BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 22 Elaps tristis BAIRD & GIRARD 1853: 23 Elaps fitzingeri JAN 1858: 316 Elaps fulvius var. tener — GARMAN 1884: plate VIII Elaps bernadi COPE 1887: 87 Elaps fulvius BOULENGER 1896 Micrurus fitzingeri — SCHMIDT 1928 Micrurus fitzingeri — SCHMIDT 1932 Micrurus bernadi — SCHMIDT 1933 Micrurus fitzingeri — TAYLOR 1939 Micrurus tener microgalbineus BROWN & SMITH 1942 Micrurus fitzingeri microgalbineus BROWN & SMITH 1942 Micrurus fitzingeri microgalbineus — TAYLOR 1949: 212 Micrurus tener maculatus ROZE 1967 Micrurus fulvius maculatus ROZE 1967 Micrurus fulvius tenere — SMITH & SMITH 1976 Micrurus fulvius tener — CONANT & COLLINS 1991: 225 Micrurus tener — COLLINS 1991 Micrurus fulvius tenere — WELCH 1994: 83 Micrurus fulvius microgalbineus — WELCH 1994: 83 Micrurus tener microgalbineus — LINER 1994 Micrurus tener — LINER 1994 Micrurus tener fitzingeri — LINER 1994 Micrurus diastema bernadi — LINER 1994 Micrurus fulvius maculatus — WELCH 1994: 83 Micrurus tener maculatus — LINER 1994 Micrurus fitzingeri — CASTRO-FRANCO & BUSTOS-ZAGAL 1994 Micrurus fulvius fitzingeri — WELCH 1994: 83 Micrurus bernadi — ROZE 1996 Micrurus fulvius tenere — ROZE 1996: 177 Micrurus fulvius tenere — DIXON 2000 Micrurus tener — CROTHER 2000 Micrurus fulvius tener — TENNANT & BARTLETT 2000: 473 Micrurus bernadi — CAMPBELL 2000 Micrurus fulvius tener — TENNANT 2003: 483 Micrurus tener — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004: 195 Micrurus tener microgalbineus — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004: 197 Micrurus tener fitzingeri — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004: 197 Micrurus tener maculatus — CAMPBELL & LAMAR 2004: 197 Micrurus tener tamaulipensis LAVIN-MURCIO & DIXON 2004 Micrurus tamaulipensis LAVIN-MURCIO & DIXON 2004 Micrurus tener — CROTHER et al. 2012 Micrurus tener — WALLACH et al. 2014: 455 Micrurus bernadi — WALLACH et al. 2014: 442 Micrurus tamaulipensis — WALLACH et al. 2014: 455 Micrurus tener tamaulipensis — HEIMES 2016: 341 Micrurus tamaulipensis — JOHNSON et al. 2017 Micrurus tener — REYES-VELASCO et al. 2020
Distribution	USA, Mexico fitzingeri: Mexico (Guanajuato and Queretaro to Morelos, Hidalgo, Durango) bernadi: Mexico (W Hidalgo south to N Puebla, NW Veracruz?); Type locality: Zacualtipan, Hidalgo, Mexico. maculatus: Mexico (S Tamaulipas, N Veracruz); Type locality: Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. microgalbineus: Mexico (SW Tamaulipas, CE/E San Luis Potosí to C Guanajuato) tamaulipensis: Mexico (Tamaulipas: Sierra de Tamaulipas);Type locality: Sierra de Tamaulipas, Rancho La Sauceda, ca. 50 km N Gonazlez, 750-1000 m elevation (23° 06’ 47’’ N, 98° 20’ 19’’ W), Tamaulipas, Mexico. tener: USA (SW Arkansas and Louisiana to WC Texas), Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Puebla)
Reproduction	oviparous
Types	Holotype: USNM Holotype: ANSP 14767, female [bernadi] Syntype: NMW 18297 [fitzingeri] Holotype: ZMH R03028 (formerly no. 5685), male, ded. Dr. E. KALLERT Feb. 10, 1930 [maculatus] Holotype: BCB 5381 (Strecker Museum Baylor University Waco) [microgalbineus] Holotype: CAR-ITCV (also as ITCV or ITT) 751, paratypes: CCVUACJ (Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico) [tamaulipensis] Holotype: USNM 1124 [Elaps tristis]
Diagnosis	Diagnosis (bernadi). A coral snake of the genus Micrurus with the normal body form and usual arrangement of head shields; ventrals about 208 in males, 225 in females; caudals about 44 in males and 38 in females; no trace of supra-anal keels; color pattern of black dorsal spots on red ground color [from SCHMIDT 1958]. Additional details (1269 characters) are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details.
Comment	Venomous! Synonymy: Streicher et al. 2016 suggested to synonymize all subspecies with the nominate form, M. tener. They also suggested to synonymize M. bernadi and M. tamaulipensis with tener. Notable, this synonymization was ONLY mentioned in passing in the Methods section (!) of the paper, which then referred to Appendix S1 for details. No kidding. Anyway, this conclusion was also supported by Reyes-Velasco et al. 2020 who also found that individuals of M. tener previously reported from Colima and Morelos (Campbell and Lamar, 2004; Reyes-Velasco et al., 2009) actually represent M. browni Schmidt and Smith, 1943. Distribution: see map 20 in Campbell & Lamar 2004: 170 Mimicry: Micrurus bernadi [= tener] is mimicked by Lampropeltis triangulum, Ninia sebae, and Pliocercus elapoides (TORRE-LORANCA et al. 2006). NCBI taxonID: 2072740 [bernadi]
Etymology	The specific name is the Latin word tener, meaning "soft or delicate," in reference to the graceful features of this snake. The name maculatus (Latin for spotted) refers to the presence of some large black spots in the red bands. The name microgalbineus is derived from a modern Latin adaptation of the original Greek word micro meaning small and tiny and galbineus, Latin for greenish yellow. The name microgalbineus alludes to the short yellowish bands of this subspecies. M. bernadi was named after Santiago Bernad, collector of the holotype.
References	Baird, S. F. and C. Girard. 1853. Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part 1.-Serpents. Smithsonian Inst., Washington, xvi + 172 pp. - get paper here Beolens, Bo; Michael Watkins, and Michael Grayson 2011. The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA - get paper here Brown,B.C. & SMITH,H.M. 1942. A new subspecies of Mexican coral snake. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 55: 63-66 - get paper here Camarillo,R.J.L. 1995. Distribution records for some amphibians and reptiles from Mexico. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 31 (4): 195-197 - get paper here Campbell, J.A. 2000. A new species of venomous coral snake (Serpentes: Elapidae) from high desert in Puebla, Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 113 (1): 291-297 - get paper here Campbell, J.A. & Lamar, W.W. 1989. The Venomous Reptiles of Latin America. Comstock Publishing/Cornell University Press, Ithaca Campbell, Jonathan A. 1973. A Captive Hatching of Micrurus fulvius tenere (Serpentes, Elapidae). Journal of Herpetology 7 (3): 312-315 - get paper here Castro-Franco, Rubén, María Guasalupe Bustos-Zagal 1994. List of reptiles of Morelos, Mexico, and their distribution in relation to vegetation types. Southwestern Naturalist 39 (2): 171-175 - get paper here Cole, Charles J. C 2021. Karyotypes of Coralsnakes (Reptilia: Elapidae) from the Western Hemisphere, with Comments on Intraspecific Variation and Centric Fission of Chromosomes. American Museum Novitates (3972): 1-8 - get paper here Collins J T 1991. Viewpoint: a new taxonomic arrangement for some North American amphibians and reptiles. Herpetological Review 22 (2): 42-43 - get paper here Cope, E.D. 1887. Catalogue of batrachians and reptiles of Central America and México. Bull. US Natl. Mus. 32: 7-98 - get paper here Crother, B. I. (ed.) 2012. 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Micrurus bernadi (Saddled Coralsnake) Thermal ecology. Herpetological Review 50 (1): 163 - get paper here
External links	IUCN Red List National Center for Biotechnology Information http://www.zo.utexas.edu/research/txherps/snakes/ http://www-surgery.ucsd.edu/ENT/DAVIDSON/snake/3cnames.htm http://ntri.tamuk.edu/herpetarium/viperidae/m.f.tenere/mftenere.htm https://www.facebook.com/groups/stshc/posts/247972330760706/ Google images

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