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Naja nigricollis REINHARDT, 1843

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Higher TaxaElapidae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Black-necked Spitting Cobra
G: Afrikanische Speikobra 
SynonymNaja nigricollis REINHARDT 1843: 369
Naja nigricollis var. crawshayi GÜNTHER 1893
Naja nigricillis var. occidentalis BOCAGE 1895
Naja nigricollis — SCHMIDT 1923: 128 (fide BROADLEY 1968)
Naja nigricollis atriceps LAURENT 1955: 135
Naja nigricollis crawshayi — LAURENT 1956: 298
Naja nigricollis occidentalis — LAURENT 1973
Naja nigricollis nigricollis — BRANCH 1981: 29
Naja nigricollis nigricollis — BROADLEY & HOWELL 1991: 24
Naja nigricollis nigricollis — WELCH 1994: 93
Naja crawshayi — BROADLEY & COTTERILL 2004
Naja nigricollis — CHIRIO & INEICH 2006
Naja crawshayi — BRANCH 2008
Naja nigricollis — WALLACH et al. 2009
Afronaja nigricollis — WALLACH et al. 2014: 10
Afronaja crawshayi — WALLACH et al. 2014: 9
Naja (Afronaja) nigricollis — CONRADIE et al. 2016
Naja nigricollis — SPAWLS et al. 2018: 555 
DistributionAngola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire, except in the center), Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea (Conakry), Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Gambia (HÅKANSSON 1981), Mauritania, Sudan (Jumhūriyyat), Republic of South Sudan (RSS), Tanzania, Somalia, Togo, Uganda, Zambia

nigricollis: Savannas from Senegal east to Kenya and south to Angola, Zambia, and Tanzania; Type locality: Guinea = coast of Ghana.

atriceps (invalid): Type locality: Mugera, Ruyigi, Burundi.

crawshayi: Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga), Congo (Brazzaville) through N Malawi to Tanzania; Type locality: Lake Mweru [= Lake Meru, N Zambia]  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: ZMUC 65371
Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.21.69, 1946.1.23.80, skin of an adult [crawshayi]
Holotype: RMCA (= MRAC = RGMC) 17529. Paratypes: ZFMK 50004 (ex-IRSNB 2.068), IRSNB 2.069 - 2.081 [atriceps] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (subgenus Afronaja): Intracranial (dorsal) anterior Vidian canal position, 2–3 solid maxillary teeth, six supralabials (except some N. nubiae and N. pallida) with penultimate (fifth or sixth) shield low, combination of two preoculars and two or three anterior temporals, rostral as broad as deep; internasals as long as prefrontals, dorsal scales matte or moderately shiny, and fangs adapted for spitting.


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CommentVenomous!

Subspecies: BOYCOTT & HAACKE (1979) noted intergradation between nigricincta and woodi in Southern Namibia. Naja nigricollis nigricincta BOGERT 1940 has been elevated to full species status with N. n. woodi as subspecies.

Type species: Naja nigricollis REINHARDT 1843 is the type species of the subgenus Afronaja WALLACH, WÜSTER & BROADLEY 2009. Note that Raymond Hoser had named the same group of cobras “Spracklandus” 6 months earlier. Rhodin et al. 2015 requested to declare the Australasian Journal of Herpetology (AJH) Volumes 1–24 unavailable for nomenclatural purposes, thereby rendering the name Spracklandus unavailable. ICZN Opinion 2468 (2021) declined to confirm that Spracklandus Hoser is an available name and thus effectively left the case open to the community to decide. See also the comment by Krell 2021.

Synonymy: Kaiser et al. 2013 considered the generic name Spracklandus Hoser 2009 invalid and rejected its use instead of Naja (Afronaja). Hoser (2013) requested to retain Spracklandus in ICZN Case 3601. Naja nigricollis var. crawshayi GÜNTHER 1893 has been removed from the synonym of N. nigricollis. According to Laurent (1956: 298; 1964: 120): the crawshayi of Katanga are different from nigricollis in ventral counts and head color (brown in adults, appears to be also the case in younger nigricollis …). Laurent 1964: 120 discusses the difference between crawshayi and occidentalis (from Angola) and the specimens from Broadley & Pitman (1960) attributed to crawshayi, which he attributes to occidentalis or possibly atriceps. W. Wüster recommended to treat N. crawshayi as synonym of nigricollis (pers. comm., 29 Sep 2016).

Distribution: see map in BROADLEY 1974.

Diet: bird eggs, among other things (Bob Golding 2020, online). 
EtymologyNamed after the black coloration of the neck, from Latin niger, nigra, nigrum = black, and Latin collis = neck. 
References
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