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Naja oxiana (EICHWALD, 1831)

IUCN Red List - Naja oxiana - Data Deficient, DD
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Higher TaxaElapidae, Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Central Asian Cobra
G: Mittelasiatische Kobra 
SynonymTomyris oxiana EICHWALD 1831: 171
Naja oxiana — STRAUCH 1868: 284
Naja tripudians var. caeca BOULENGER 1896 (part.)
Naja naja oxiana — STEJNEGER 1907
Naja naja oxiana — SMITH 1943: 428
Naja naja oxiana — HARDING & WELCH 1980
Naja oxiana — WELCH 1994: 93
Naja naja oxiana — SHARMA 2004
Naja (Naja) oxiana — WALLACH et al. 2009
Naja oxiana — WALLACH et al. 2014: 462
Naja oxiana — SHESTOPAL & SCHCHERBINA 2024 
DistributionAfghanistan, NE Iran, NW India (Jammu and Kashmir), Pakistan,
Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, SW Tajikistan, Uzbekistan

Type locality: Transcaspia  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: unlocated, a 762 mm specimen 
DiagnosisDIAGNOSIS: The only cobra species which occurs sympatrically with Naja oxiana is the Indian spectacled cobra, N. naja. The differences between the two taxa are shown in Table 2 (in WÜSTER 1998). Naja oxiana can be distinguished from all other Asiatic cobras on the basis of its high ventral andlor subcaudal scale counts. Specimens of the monocellate cobra (N. kaouthia) with exceptionally high ventral and subcaudal scale counts may be distinguished from N. oxiana by the possession of a hood mark, a distinct throat pattern with lateral spots, and a higher number of dorsal scale rows at the level of the 10th ventral. 
CommentVenomous!

Distribution: For a map see Sindaco et al. 2013, Shi et al. 2022: 3 (Fig. 1). 
References
  • Adil, Saba; Shermeen Ijaz, Hira Aslam, Rimsha Kanwal and Sehrish Afsheen 2020. Diversity of amphibians and reptiles in Daphar Forest Sanctuary, district Mandi Bahauddin, Pakistan. Journal of Wildlife and Ecology 4(1):15-26
  • Anderson, S. C. & A. E. Leviton 1969. Amphibians and reptiles collected by the Street expedition to Afghanistan, 1965. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4) 37: 25-56 - get paper here
  • Ashraf, Muhammad Rizwan; Asif Nadeem, Eric Nelson Smith, Maryam Javed, Utpal Smart, Tahir Yaqub, Abu Saeed Hashmi 2019. Molecular phylogenetics of black cobra (Naja naja) in Pakistan. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology - get paper here
  • Bondarenko D. A., Ergashev U. H. 2022. Reptiles of the Southwestern Tajikistan desert plains: Spatial distribution, population density and communities structure. [in Russian] Current Studies in Herpetology 22 (1-2): 17 - get paper here
  • Davletbakov, A. T.; L. A. Kustareva, D. A. Milko, A. N. Ostastshenko, S. S. Sagymbaev, S. A. Toropov, N. V. Trotchenko 2015. Genetical Fund Cadastre of Kyrgyz Republic. Vol. IV. Phylum Chordata (chordates). Bishkek, 128 p. + XXXVI color tables - get paper here
  • Dunaev E.A., Orlova V.F. 2003. Diversity of snakes (on the materials of the exposition of the Zoological Museum of the Moscow State University). Moscow: Moscow State University Press, 376 pp
  • Eichwald, E. 1831. Zoologia specialis, quam expositis animalibus tum vivis, tum fossilibus potissimuni rossiae in universum, et poloniae in specie, in usum lectionum publicarum in Universitate Caesarea Vilnensi. Zawadski, Vilnae. - get paper here
  • Faiz, A. H., Bagaturov, M. F., Hassan, M. u., Tariq, G., Malik, I. U., & Faiz, L. Z. 2018. Distribution of Reptiles in Tolipir National Park, Pakistan. Journal of Bioresource Management, 5 (2). - get paper here
  • HAIDER, JIBRAN; INAYATULLAH MALIK AND SABIHA SHAMIM 2019. WILDLIFE SURVEY OF NATIONAL PARKS TO ASSESS REPTILIAN BIODIVERSITY, AJK. J Biores Manag. 6 (4): 8-18 - get paper here
  • Jablonski D, Khalili F, Masroor R 2023. The herpetofaunal diversity of Takhar Province, Afghanistan. Herpetozoa 36: 73-90 - get paper here
  • Jamal, Qaisar; Muhammad Idrees, Saif Ullah, Muhammad Adnan, Farrah Zaidi, Qaiser Zaman, and Syed Basit Rasheed 2018. Diversity and Altitudinal Distribution of Squamata in Two Distinct Ecological Zones of Dir, A Himalayan Sub-Zone of Northern Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 50(5), pp 1835-1839 - get paper here
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  • Martin T, Guillemin M, Nivet-Mazerolles V, Landsmann C, Dubos J, Eudeline R, and Stroud J. 2017. The herpetofauna of central Uzbekistan. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 11(1) [General Section]: 93–107 - get paper here
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  • Sahi D.N., Koul S. 2020. Annotated List of Amphibians and Reptiles of Jammu and Kashmir State. In: Dar G. & Khuroo A. (eds) Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State. Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation, vol 18. Springer, Singapore - get paper here
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  • Shehzad, M., Ullah, F., Khan, S. N., Majid, A., Rais, M., Khan, M. A., ... & Khan, S. 2023. Squamate Fauna of Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Tank and Lakki Marwat Districts), Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zool. 2023: 1-7 - get paper here
  • Shestopal A. A., Shcherbina A. A. 2024. Distribution of reptiles in Northwestern Turkmenistan. [in Russian] Current Studies in Herpetology 24 (1-2): 102 - get paper here
  • Shestopal A., Amanov A., Ovezov T. 2021. An overview of reptiles from the Kaplankyr Nature Reserve and adjacent territories. [in Russian] Proc. Inst. Zool., Kazakhstan, pp. 105-126 - get paper here
  • Shi, S.‐C.; Vogel, G.; Ding, L.; Rao, D.‐Q.; Liu, S.; Zhang, L.; Wu, Z.‐J.; Chen, Z.‐N. 2022. Description of A New Cobra (Naja Laurenti, 1768; Squamata, Elapidae) from China with Designation of a Neotype for Naja atra. Animals 12, 3481
  • Sindaco, R.; Alberto Venchi & Cristina Grieco 2013. The Reptiles of the Western Palearctic, Volume 2: Annotated Checklist and Distributional Atlas of the Snakes of Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia, with an Update to Volume 1. Edizioni Belvedere, Latina (Italy), 543 pp. - get paper here
  • Slowinski, Joseph B. and Wolfgang Wüster. 2000. A new cobra (Elapidae: Naja) from Myanmar (Burma). Herpetologica 56 (2): 257-270 - get paper here
  • Smith, M.A. 1943. The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-Region. Reptilia and Amphibia. 3 (Serpentes). Taylor and Francis, London. 583 pp.
  • Strauch, A. 1868. Concerning poisonous snakes distributed in Russia. [in Russian]. Trudy Perv. Siezda Russ. Yestestv. Zool., 1: 294 (also cited as Trans. First Conf. Russ. Nat., St.Petersburg, 1: 271-297)
  • Trutnau, L. 1996. Ein Beitrag zur Biologie, Pflege und Nachzucht der Mittelasiatischen Kobra Naja oxiana (Eichwald, 1831). Herpetofauna 18 (100): 06-10 - get paper here
  • Wallach, V.; Wüster, W. & Broadley, D.G. 2009. In praise of subgenera: taxonomic status of cobras of the genus Naja Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae). Zootaxa 2236: 26–36 - get paper here
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  • Wüster, W.; Thorpe,R.S. 1991. Asiatic cobras: Systematics and snakebite. Experientia 47: 205-209 - get paper here
  • Wüster, W.;Thorpe, R.S. 1992. Asiatic cobras: population systematics of the Naja naja species complex (Serpentes: Elapidae) in India and Central Asia. Herpetologica 48: 69-85. - get paper here
  • Wüster, Wolfgang 1993. A century of confusion: Asiatic cobras revisited. Vivarium 4 (4): 14-18
  • Wüster, Wolfgang 1998. The cobras of the genus Naja in India. Hamadryad 23 (1): 15-32 - get paper here
  • Yangiboyev, E. C.; Mamarakhimov, O. M., Makhmudova, M. M., Nabiev, U. A., & Karamatova, G. 2024. The diversity of reptiles in different ecological environments of mountainous parts of Kashkadarya region. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 510, p. 03012). EDP Sciences - get paper here
  • Young, Bruce A. 2018. Male reproductive behaviour of Naja oxiana (Eichwald, 1831) in captivity, with a case of unilateral hemipenile prolapse. Herpetology Notes 11: 1061-1064 - get paper here
 
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