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Nilssonia hurum (GRAY, 1831)

IUCN Red List - Nilssonia hurum - Vulnerable, VU
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Higher TaxaTrionychidae (Trionychinae), Trionychoidea, Testudines (turtles)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: (Indian) Peacock Soft-shelled Turtle
G: Pfauenaugen-Weichschildkröte 
SynonymTrionyx hurum GRAY 1831: 47 (plate 10)
Testudo chim HAMILTON 1831 (nomen nudum)
Trionyx ocellatus — GRAY 1830
Gymnopus duvaucelii DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1835: 487 (partim)
Trionyx sewaare GRAY 1872
Trionyx bellii GRAY 1872
Isola hurum — BAUR 1893
Trionyx buchanani THEOBALD 1874
Trionyx hurum — ALDERTON 1988
Aspideretes hurum — ERNST & BARBOUR 1989: 107
Aspideretes hurum — HALLERMANN et al. 2001
Aspideretes hurum — GEMEL & PRASCHAG 2003
Aspideretes hurum — BONIN et al 2006
Nilssonia hurum — PRASCHAG et al. 2007
Aspideretes hurum — FRITZ & HAVAŠ 2007
Aspideretes hurum — MURTHY 2010: 24
Aspideretes hurum — LENZ 2012
Nilssonia hurum — LIEBING et al. 2012
Nilssonia hurum — TTWG 2014: 416
Nilssonia hurum — TTWG 2021 
DistributionNepal, India (Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir etc.), Bangladesh (in the Brahmaputra and Ganges rivers), Pakistan (fide Khan, pers. comm.)

Type locality: "India"; restricted by Smith (1931: 171) to "Fatehgarh, Ganges," India; restricted by Webb (1980: 71), to "Barrackpore (about 23 kilometers north Calcutta), West Bengal, India"  
Reproductionoviparous. 
TypesHolotype: iconotype, Plate 66, Gray 1835 ("1830-35"), fide King & Burke 1989. 
Diagnosis 
CommentTrionyx ocellatus GRAY 1830 is a primary homonym of Trionyx ocellatus LESUEUR 1827 (= Apalone spinifera LESUEUR 1827) and is thus not available. For a more complete synonymy see GEMEL & PRASCHAG (2003).

See also note in Nilssonia formosa.

According to the molecular data of Engstrom et al. (2004) Aspideretes should be renamed Nillsonia as Nilssonia (GRAY 1872) has priority over Aspideretes (HAY 1903).

Distribution: possibly in Bhutan (Lenz 2012 and references therein).

Habitat: freshwater (rivers and tributaries, lakes) 
References
  • Adil, Saba; Shermeen Ijaz, Hira Aslam, Rimsha Kanwal and Sehrish Afsheen 2020. Diversity of amphibians and reptiles in Daphar Forest Sanctuary, district Mandi Bahauddin, Pakistan. Journal of Wildlife and Ecology 4(1):15-26
  • Ali, Waqas; Arshad Javid, Ali Hussain & Syed Mohsin Bukhari 2018. Diversity and conservation of freshwater turtles in Pakistan: a review. Biodiversity 19 (1-2): 62-71 - get paper here
  • Anderson,J. 1872. Note on Trionyx gangeticus, and Trionyx hurum, B. Hamilton. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 9: 382-383 - get paper here
  • Anderson,J. 1872. On Trionyx gangeticus, Cuvier, Trionyx hurum, B.H. and Dr. Gray. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 10: 219-222 - get paper here
  • Basumatary, Rajeev and D.K. Sharma 2013. The turtle fauna of Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India with notes on natural history and conservation status. Herpetology Notes 6: 59-72
  • Bhattarai S., Gurung A., Lamichhane BR., Regmi R., Dhungana M., Kumpakha B. and Subedi N. 2020. Amphibians and Reptiles of Chure Range, Nepal. President Chure Terai-Madhesh Conservation Development Board and National Trust for Nature Conservation, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
  • Bonin, F., Devaux, B. & Dupré, A. 2006. Turtles of the World. English translation by P.C.H. Pritchard. Johns Hopkins University Press, 416 pp.
  • Bour, R. 2008. Global diversity of turtles (Chelonii; Reptilia) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595:593–598 - get paper here
  • Chhetry, Damodar 2010. DIVERSITY OF HERPETOFAUNA IN AND AROUND THE KOSHI TAPPU WILDLIFE RESERVE. BIBECHANA 6: 15-17 - get paper here
  • Das, Dhritiman & Dr. P. K Saikia 2007. Present status of Soft Shell Turtles (Family: Trionychidae) in Barpeta and its surrounding areas, Barpeta, Assam. Reptile Rap (8): 3-4 - get paper here
  • Das, I. et al. 2008. Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles of India. WWF/WII poster
  • Das, Indraneil & Abhijit Das 2017. A Naturalist’s Guide to the Reptiles of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. John Beaufoy Publishing Ltd., Oxford, 176 pp.
  • de Rooij, N. de 1915. The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. I. Lacertilia, Chelonia, Emydosauria. Leiden (E. J. Brill), xiv + 384 pp. - get paper here
  • Duméril, A.M.C., and G. Bibron. 1835. Erpétologie Générale ou Histoire Naturelle Complète des Reptiles, Vol. 2. Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris, iv + 680 p. - get paper here
  • ENGSTROM, TAG N.; H. BRADLEY SHAFFER AND WILLIAM P. MCCORD 2004. Multiple Data Sets, High Homoplasy, and the Phylogeny of Softshell Turtles (Testudines: Trionychidae). Systematic Biology 53 (5): 693–710 - get paper here
  • Ernst,C.H. and Barbour,R.W. 1989. Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. - London
  • Gemel, R.; Praschag, P. 2003. On the nomenclature and vernacular names of recent Aspideretes species (Reptilia, Testudines, Trionychidae). Zoologische Abhandlungen - Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde in Dresden 53(1):93-105.
  • GOSPEL ZOTHANMAWIA HMAR, G.Z., DAS, K.C., COLNEY, Z. & LALREMSANGA, H.T. 2022. First report on limb anomalies in Nilssonia hurum (Gray, 1831) (Testudines: Trionychidae) from Mizoram, North-east India. Sauria 44 (1): 58-60 - get paper here
  • Gray, J. E. 1831. A synopsis of the species of Class Reptilia. In: Griffith, E & E. Pidgeon: The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the Baron Cuvier with additional descriptions of all the species hither named, and of many before noticed [V Whittaker, Treacher and Co., London: 481 + 110 pp. [1830] - get paper here
  • Gray, J.E. 1872. On Indian Mud-Tortoises (Trionyx). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 9: 473-475 - get paper here
  • Gray. J. E. 1834. Illustrations of Indian Zoology, chiefly selected from the collection of Major - General Hardwicke. Vol. 2. London (1833-1834): 263 pp., 95 plates - get paper here
  • Hallermann J., N. B. Ananjeva and N.L.Orlov. 2001. On a remarkable collection of reptiles and amphibians collected by the German Indian Expedition 1955-1958. Russ. J. Herpetol. 8 (1): 25-34 - get paper here
  • Kästle , W., Rai, K. & Schleich, H.H. 2013. FIELD GUIDE to Amphibians and Reptiles of Nepal. ARCO-Nepal e.V., 625 pp. - get paper here
  • Khan, M.S. 2006. Amphibians and reptiles of Pakistan. Krieger, Malabar, 311 pp. - get paper here
  • Kuchling, Gerald 1995. Turtles at a market in western Yunnan: Possible range extensions for some southern Asiatic chelonians in China and Myanmar. Chelonian Conserv. Biol. 1 (3): 223-226
  • Lenz, Norbert 2012. Von Schmetterlingen und Donnerdrachen - Natur und Kultur in Bhutan. Karlsruher Naturhefte 4, Naturkundemuseum Karlsruhe, 124 pp.
  • Liebing, Nicole; Peter Praschag , Rupali Gosh , Karthikeyan Vasudevan , s.M.a. Rashid, Ding-qi Rao , Heiko Stuckas & Uwe Fritz 2012. Molecular phylogeny of the softshell turtle genus Nilssonia revisited, with first records of N. formosa for China and wild-living N. nigricans for Bangladesh. Vertebrate Zoology 62 (2): 261-272 - get paper here
  • Manhas, Amit; Rajni Raina, and Ashwani Wanganeo 2018. Reptilian diversity of the Bhopal Region in the State of Madhya Pradesh in central India. IRCF Reptiles & Amphibians 25 (2): 104–114 - get paper here
  • Meylan, P.A. 1987. The phylogenetic relationships of soft-shelled turtles (Family Trionychidae). Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 186 (1):1-101. - get paper here
  • Murthy, T.S.N. 2010. The reptile fauna of India. B.R. Publishing, New Delhi, 332 pp.
  • Praschag, P.; Hundsdörfer, A.K.; Reza, A.H.M.A. & Fritz, U. 2007. Genetic evidence for wild-living Aspideretes nigricans and a molecular phylogeny of South Asian softshell turtles (Reptilia: Trionychidae: Aspideretes, Nilssonia). Zoologica Scripta 36 (4): 301-310 - get paper here
  • Pun, S. K., Stanford, C. B., & Khadka, B. B. 2023. DISTRIBUTION RECORDS AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF TURTLES IN CHITWAN, NEPAL. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30 - get paper here
  • Purkayastha J. 2013. An Amateur’s Guide to Reptiles of Assam. EBH Publishers (India) - get paper here
  • Purkayastha, J. 2018. Urban biodiversity: an insight into the terrestrial vertebrate diversity of Guwahati, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(10): 12299–12316; - get paper here
  • Purkayastha, J., DAS, I., Sengupta, S. 2015. Freshwater Turtles & Tortoises of South Asia. Bhabani Books, 138 pp. - get paper here
  • Purkayastha, Jayaditya; Ahmed Mahmadul Hassan, Hasanul Islam, Jessica Das, Manoj Sarma, Mituseela Basumatary, Nilakshi Sarma, Nishant Chatterjee, Sachin Singha, Vishnupriya Nair, Arundhati Purkayastha, Jayashree Dutta, Madhurima Das 2013. Turtles of the Temple Pond of Kamakhya, Assam, India. Reptile Rap (15): 11-15 - get paper here
  • Rawat, Y.B., S. Bhattarai, L.P. Poudyal & N. Subedi 2020. Herpetofauna of Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(5): 15587–15611 - get paper here
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