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Paraphimophis rusticus (COPE, 1878)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Culebra
Portuguese: Bicuda, Muçurana, Muçurana-Comum-do-Pampa, Muçurana-Marrom, Muçurana-Pampeana, Muçurana-Parda 
SynonymOxyrrhopus rusticus COPE 1878: 92
Pseudoboa rustica SERIÉ 1921
Clelia rustica — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970
Clelia rustica — FREIBERG 1982
Clelia rustica — CEI 1993
Clelia rustica — LEYNAUD & BUCHER 1999: 17
Clelia rustica — SCROCCHI et al. 2010: 210
Clelia rustica — ZAHER et al. 2011
Clelia rustica — CARREIRA et al. 2012
Paraphimophis rusticus — GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012
Paraphimophis rusticus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 532
Paraphimophis rustica — MINOLI et al. 2015
Paraphimophis rusticus — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionBrazil (S Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul),
Uruguay, Bolivia ? (LEYNAUD & BUCHER 1999), Argentina (Santiago del Estero, Córdoba, Corrientes, Misiones, Entre Rios, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires, Rio Negro, Chubut)

Type locality: unknown; supposedly in the Argentine confederation (fide ZAHER 1996).  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: ANSP 11326 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): Anterolaterally divergent anterior tips of the nasals and enlarged nasal processes of the premaxillae, but no specialized spatulate rostral scale; young specimens with a dark head, a faint pale whitish or orange nuchal collar, a dark vertebral band and reddish flanks; adults with a uniform brown dorsum [GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012].


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CommentType species: Oxyrrhopus rusticus COPE 1878 is the type species of the genus Paraphimophis ZAHER, GRAZZIOTIN, MURPHY, SCROCCHI, ALTAMIRANO, BENAVIDES, ZHANG & BONATTO in GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012.

Distribution: May not be in Bolivia; while LEYNAUD & BUCHER 1999 show it on their map there do not appear to be any voucher specimens from Bolivia. Probably not in Paraguay (Cacciali et al. 2016). See map in Nogueira et al. 2019. 
EtymologyPresumably named after Latin rusticus = simple, rough, rural.

The genus was named after Greek ‘‘para’’ and Phimophis, meaning near the genus Phimophis. 
References
  • Alcalde, L., Cassano, M.J., Sánchez, R.M. & Belén-Tenorio, A. 2019. Species composition, abundance and diet of a squamate assemblage from the Carnaval stream headwaters (Buenos Aires, Argentina). Urban Ecosyst - get paper here
  • Bellini, G. P., Arzamendia, V. and Giraudo, A. R. 2016. Is xenodontine snake reproduction shaped by ancestry, more than by ecology? Ecology and Evolution 00: 1–9. doi: 10.1002/ece3.2557 - get paper here
  • Bellini, Gisela Paola; Vanesa Arzamendia and Alejandro Raúl Giraudo 2019. Reproductive life history of snakes in temperate regions: what are the differences between oviparous and viviparous species? Amphibia-Reptilia 40 (3): 291–303 - get paper here
  • Carreira Vidal, Santiago 2002. Alimentación de los ofidios de Uruguay. Asoc. Herp. Esp., Monograf. Herp. 6, 127 pp. - get paper here
  • Carreira, S.; Brazeiro, A.; Camargo, A.; da Rosa, I.; Canavero, A. & Maneyro, M. 2012. DIVERSITY OF REPTILES OF URUGUAY: KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION GAPS. Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay (2a época) 21 (1-2): 9-29 - get paper here
  • Cope, E.D. 1878. Tenth contribution to the herpetology of Tropical America. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17: 85-98 [1877] - get paper here
  • Costa, Henrique Caldeira & Renato Silveira Bérnils 2015. Répteis brasileiros: lista de espécies 2015. Herpetologia Brasileira 4 (3): 75-93
  • Giraudo, Alejandro R.;Arzamendia, Venesa 1997. Geographic Distribution. Clelia rustica. Herpetological Review 28 (3): 158-159 - get paper here
  • Gonzalez R. C. et al. 2020. Lista dos Nomes Populares dos Répteis no Brasil – Primeira Versão. Herpetologia Brasileira 9 (2): 121 – 214 - get paper here
  • Grazziotin, Felipe G.; Hussam Zaher, Robert W. Murphy, Gustavo Scrocchi, Marco A. Benavides, Ya-Ping Zhang and Sandro L. Bonatto 2012. Molecular phylogeny of the New World Dipsadidae (Serpentes: Colubroidea): a reappraisal. Cladistics DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00393.x - get paper here
  • Kunz, Tobias Saraiva;<br>Ivo Rohling Ghizoni-Jr.,<br>Walter Luis Alves dos Santos & Paulo Afonso Hartmann 2007. Nota sobre a coleção herpetológica da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC). Biotemas, 20 (3): 127-132 - get paper here
  • Leynaud, Gerardo C. and Enrique H. Bucher 1999. La fauna de serpientes del Chaco Sudamericano: diversidad, distribución geografica y estado de conservación. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Miscelanea (98):1-46
  • MARQUES, O. A. V. et al. 2009. Repteis. In: Bressan et al., FAUNA AMEAÇADA DE EXTINÇÃO NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO: VERTEBRADOS. São Paulo: Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo: Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, pp. 285-327 - get paper here
  • Minoli I, Morando M, Avila LJ 2015. Reptiles of Chubut province, Argentina: richness, diversity, conservation status and geographic distribution maps. ZooKeys 498: 103-126. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.498.7476 - get paper here
  • Morato, S.A.A.; Franco, F.L. & Sanches, E.J. 2003. Uma nova espécie de Clelia (Serpentes, Colubridae) do sul do Brasil. Phyllomedusa 2 (2): 93-100 - get paper here
  • Nogueira, Cristiano C.; Antonio J.S. Argôlo, Vanesa Arzamendia, Josué A. Azevedo, Fausto E. Barbo, Renato S. Bérnils, Bruna E. Bolochio, Marcio Borges-Martins, Marcela Brasil-Godinho, Henrique Braz, Marcus A. Buononato, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia, 2019. Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American J. Herp. 14 (Special Issue 1):1-274 - get paper here
  • Oliveira, Jane C.F.; Rodrigo Castellari Gonzalez; Paulo Passos; Davor Vrcibradic & Carlos Frederico Duarte Rocha 2020. Non-Avian Reptiles of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: status of knowledge and commented list. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 60: e20206024 - get paper here
  • O’Shea, M. 2018. The Book of Snakes. Ivy Press / Quarto Publishing, London, - get paper here
  • Pizzatto, L. 2005. Body size, reproductive biology and abundance of the rare pseudoboini snakes genera Clelia and Boiruna (Serpentes, Colubridae). Phyllomedusa 4 (2): 111-122 - get paper here
  • Rolón MCJ, Vera DG, De Los Santos FL, Harkes M, Tettamanti G, Calvo R, Di Pietro DO, Velasco MA, Avila LJ, Williams JD, Kacoliris FP 2024. Herpetofauna of Laguna Blanca National Park, Argentinean Patagonia: species list and conservation status. Neotropical Biology and Conservation 19(1): 35-50 - get paper here
  • Scanferla, Carlos Agustín 2006. The oldest record of Clelia (Serpentes – Colubridae) in South America. C. R. Palevol. 5: 721–724 - get paper here
  • Scott, N.J.; Giraudo, A.R.; Scrocchi, G.; Aquino, A.L.; Cacciali, P. & Motte, M. 2006. The genera Boiruna and Clelia (Serpentes: Pseudoboini) in Paraguay and Argentina. Pap. Avuls. Zool. 46 (9): 77-105 - get paper here
  • Scrocchi ,G. and Vinas, M. 1990. El género Clelia (Serpentes: Colubridae) en la República Argentina: Revisión y comentários. Boll. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino 8: 487-499
  • Scrocchi, G.J.; Moreta, J.C. & Kretzschmar, S. 2006. Serpientes del Noroeste Argento [Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Catamarca, La Rioja, Santiago del Estero]. Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, 178 pp.
  • Scrocchi, Gustavo J.; Cristian S. Abdala,Javier Nori, Hussam Zaher 2010. Reptiles de la provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. Fondo Ed. Rionegrino, 249 pp.
  • Silveira, Adriano Lima. 2014. Geographic Distribution: Paraphimophis rusticus. Herpetological Review 45 (1): 96 - get paper here
  • Vera, David G, Diego O Di Pietro, Clara Trofino Falasco, Germán Tettamanti, Luciana Iriarte, Micaela Harkes, Federico P Kacoliris, and Igor Berkunsky. 2022. Identifying Key Conservation Sites for the Reptiles of the Tandilia Mountains in Pampas Highlands. Journal for Nature Conservation, 126321 - get paper here
  • Wallach, Van; Kenneth L. Williams , Jeff Boundy 2014. Snakes of the World: A Catalogue of Living and Extinct Species. [type catalogue] Taylor and Francis, CRC Press, 1237 pp.
  • Zaher, H. 1996. A new genus and species of pseudoboine snake, with a revision of the genus Clelia (Serpentes, Xenodontinae). Boll. Mus. Reg. Sci. Nat. Torino 14: 289-337. - get paper here
  • Zaher, Hussam; Fausto Erritto BarboI; Paola Sanchez Martínez; Cristiano Nogueira; Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues; Ricardo Jannini Sawaya 2011. Répteis do Estado de São Paulo: conhecimento atual e perspectivas. Biota Neotropica, 11 (1): 1–15. - get paper here
 
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