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Paraphimophis rusticus (COPE, 1878)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Culebra
Portuguese: Bicuda, Muçurana, Muçurana-Comum-do-Pampa, Muçurana-Marrom, Muçurana-Pampeana, Muçurana-Parda 
SynonymOxyrrhopus rusticus COPE 1878: 92
Pseudoboa rustica SERIÉ 1921
Clelia rustica — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970
Clelia rustica — FREIBERG 1982
Clelia rustica — CEI 1993
Clelia rustica — LEYNAUD & BUCHER 1999: 17
Clelia rustica — SCROCCHI et al. 2010: 210
Clelia rustica — ZAHER et al. 2011
Clelia rustica — CARREIRA et al. 2012
Paraphimophis rusticus — GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012
Paraphimophis rusticus — WALLACH et al. 2014: 532
Paraphimophis rustica — MINOLI et al. 2015
Paraphimophis rusticus — NOGUEIRA et al. 2019 
DistributionBrazil (S Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul),
Uruguay, Bolivia ? (LEYNAUD & BUCHER 1999), Argentina (Santiago del Estero, Córdoba, Corrientes, Misiones, Entre Rios, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires, Rio Negro, Chubut)

Type locality: unknown; supposedly in the Argentine confederation (fide ZAHER 1996).  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: ANSP 11326 
DiagnosisDiagnosis (genus): Anterolaterally divergent anterior tips of the nasals and enlarged nasal processes of the premaxillae, but no specialized spatulate rostral scale; young specimens with a dark head, a faint pale whitish or orange nuchal collar, a dark vertebral band and reddish flanks; adults with a uniform brown dorsum [GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012].


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CommentType species: Oxyrrhopus rusticus COPE 1878 is the type species of the genus Paraphimophis ZAHER, GRAZZIOTIN, MURPHY, SCROCCHI, ALTAMIRANO, BENAVIDES, ZHANG & BONATTO in GRAZZIOTIN et al. 2012.

Distribution: May not be in Bolivia; while LEYNAUD & BUCHER 1999 show it on their map there do not appear to be any voucher specimens from Bolivia. Probably not in Paraguay (Cacciali et al. 2016). See map in Nogueira et al. 2019. 
EtymologyPresumably named after Latin rusticus = simple, rough, rural.

The genus was named after Greek ‘‘para’’ and Phimophis, meaning near the genus Phimophis. 
References
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  • Bellini, G. P., Arzamendia, V. and Giraudo, A. R. 2016. Is xenodontine snake reproduction shaped by ancestry, more than by ecology? Ecology and Evolution 00: 1–9. doi: 10.1002/ece3.2557 - get paper here
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  • Silveira, Adriano Lima. 2014. Geographic Distribution: Paraphimophis rusticus. Herpetological Review 45 (1): 96 - get paper here
  • Vera, David G, Diego O Di Pietro, Clara Trofino Falasco, Germán Tettamanti, Luciana Iriarte, Micaela Harkes, Federico P Kacoliris, and Igor Berkunsky. 2022. Identifying Key Conservation Sites for the Reptiles of the Tandilia Mountains in Pampas Highlands. Journal for Nature Conservation, 126321 - get paper here
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  • Zaher, Hussam; Fausto Erritto BarboI; Paola Sanchez Martínez; Cristiano Nogueira; Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues; Ricardo Jannini Sawaya 2011. Répteis do Estado de São Paulo: conhecimento atual e perspectivas. Biota Neotropica, 11 (1): 1–15. - get paper here
 
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