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Phalotris suspectus (AMARAL, 1924)

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Higher TaxaColubridae (Dipsadinae), Colubroidea, Caenophidia, Alethinophidia, Serpentes, Squamata (snakes)
Subspecies 
Common NamesE: Dumeril's Diadem Snake
Portuguese: Cabeça-Preta, Cabeça-Preta-da-Areia, Cabeça-Preta-da-Praia, Cabeça-Preta-Meridional, Cabeça-Preta-Pampeana 
SynonymElapomorphus suspectus AMARAL 1924: 202
Elapomorphus bilineatus — PETERS & OREJAS-MIRANDA 1970 (part.)
Elapomorphus bilineatus — ÁBALOS & MISCHIS 1975 (part.)
Elapomorphus bilineatus suspectus — LEMA 1978
Elapomorphus lemniscatus suspectus — LEMA 1979
Elapomorphus (Phalotris) spegazzinii suspectus — LEMA 1984
Elapomorphus spegazzinii suspectus — WILLIAMS & FRANCINI 1991
Elapomorphus (Phalotris) spegazzinii suspectus — CEI 1993
Phalotris suspectus — DE LEMA 2002
Phalotris bilineatus — GIRAUDO & SCROCCHI 2002 (part.)
Phalotris bilineatus — SCROCCHI et al. 2010 (part.)
Phalotris suspectus – SCROCCHI et al. 2022 
DistributionArgentina (Buenos Aires, Chubut, Córdoba, La Pampa, Río Negro, Salta, San Luis, Santa Fe, Tucumán)

Type locality: “Pilár" (near Córdoba, Argentina)  
Reproductionoviparous 
TypesHolotype: USNM 48939, adult male 
DiagnosisAdditional details, e.g. a detailed description or comparisons (1256 characters), are available for collaborators and contributors. Please contact us for details. 
CommentVenomous!

Synonymy: see P. lemniscatus with which this species has been synonymized previously.

Distribution: See map in Scorcchi et al. 2002: 51 (Fig. 3). 
EtymologyNamed after Latin suspectus, suspected/mistrusted; of doubtful character; suspicious [“...This species is closely allied to E. lemiiscatus, from which it differs greatly in coloration...]. (from Esteban Lavilla, pers. comm., May 2024) 
References
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  • Amaral, A. do 1924. New genus and species of South American snakes contained in the United States National Museum. J. Washington Acad. Sci. 14: 200-202 - get paper here
  • Avila, Fernanda de; Juliano Oliveira, Mateus de Oliveira, Marcio Borges-Martins, Victor Hugo Valiati, Alexandro Tozetti 2019. Does color polymorphism affect the predation risk on Phalotris lemniscatus (Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854) (Serpentes, Dipsadidae)? Acta Herpetologica 14 (1): 57-63 - get paper here
  • Bérnils, R.S.; Batista, M.A. & Bertelli, P.W. 2001. Cobras e lagartos do Vale: levantamento das espécies de Squamata (Reptilia, Lepidosauria) da Bacia do Rio Itajai, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Rev. Est. Ambientais (Blumenau) 3 (1): 69-79
  • Borteiro, C., Abegg, A. D., Oda, F. H., Cardozo, D., Kolenc, F., Etchandy, I., ... & Baldo, D. 2021. Aberrant colouration in wild snakes: case study in Neotropical taxa and a review of terminology. Salamandra 57 (1): 124-138 - get paper here
  • Boulenger, G.A. 1885. Remarks on the variation of Elapomorphus lemniscatus. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 15: 321-323 - get paper here
  • Boulenger,G.A. 1889. Description of a new snake and two new fishes obtained by Dr. H. von Ihering in Brazil. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 4: 265-267 - get paper here
  • Boulenger,G.A. 1913. Descriptions of a new lizard and a new snake from South America. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova (3) 6: 49-50 - get paper here
  • Cabral, Hugo and Pier Cacciali 2015. A New Species of Phalotris (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) from the Paraguayan Chaco. Herpetologica 72 (1): 72-77. - get paper here
  • Cacciali, Pier; Norman J. Scott, Aida Luz Aquino Ortíz, Lee A. Fitzgerald, and Paul Smith 2016. The Reptiles of Paraguay: Literature, Distribution, and an Annotated Taxonomic Checklist. SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF THE MUSEUM OF SOUTHWESTERN BIOLOGY, NUMBER 11: 1–373 - get paper here
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  • Duméril, A. M. C., Bibron, G. & DUMÉRIL, A. H. A., 1854. Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. Deuxième partie, comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux. Paris, Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret: i-xii + 781-1536 - get paper here
  • Entiauspe-Neto, Omar Machado; Tângela Denise Perleberg and Marco Antonio de Freitas 2016. Herpetofauna from an urban Pampa fragment in southern Brazil: composition, structure and conservation. Check List 12(5): 1964 - get paper here
  • Esteves, Geiza Pontes 2011. Filogenia das serpentes do grupo de Phalotris lemniscatus (Serpentes, Colubridae) baseada em marcadores moleculares. BS thesis, UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS - get paper here
  • Ferrarezzi H. 1993. Nota sobre o genero Phalotris com revisao do grupo nasutus e descricao de tres novas especies (Serpentes, Colubridae, Xenodontinae). Mem. Inst. Butantan 55 (SUPPL. 1): 21-38. - get paper here
  • Freiberg, M.A. 1982. Snakes of South America. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, NJ, 189 pp. - get paper here
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  • Jan, G. 1865. Iconographie générale des ophidiens. 14. Livraison. [Elapomorphus d’Orbignyi, Coronella getulus var. Sayi]. J.B. Bailière et Fils, Paris - get paper here
  • Jansen, M; Kohler, G 2008. A new species of Phalotris from the eastern lowlands of Bolivia (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 103-110
  • Kolb, P; Mmoser, C F; Oliveira, R B & Tozetti, A M 2018. Phalotris lemniscatus (Dumeril’s Diadem Snake) Predation. Herpetological Review 49 (4): 761 - get paper here
  • Lema, T. de 1982. Fauna de serpentes da província pampeana e inter- relações com as províncias limítrofes. Mem. Inst. Butantan 46: 173-182 - get paper here
  • Lema, Th. de 1970. Sobre o status de Elapomorphus bilineatus Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854, curiosa serpente subterranea. Iheringia, Ser. Zool. (38): 89-118
  • Lema, Th. de 1978. O status de Elapomorphus suspectus Amaral 1924. (Ophidia: Colubridae). Comunicações do Museu de Ciências DA PUCRGS No. 16/17: 1-16
  • Lema, Th. de 1979. Sobre a validade dos nomes Elapomorphus bilineatus Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854 e E. lemniscatus Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854 (Ophidia: Colubridae). Iheringia, Ser. Zool. (54): 77-81
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  • Scrocchi, G. J., Giraudo, A. R., & Nenda, S. J. 2022. Taxonomic notes on the Phalotris bilineatus group (Serpentes: Dipsadidae: Elapomorphini), with the description of a new species from northwestern Argentina. Cuadernos de Herpetología 36 (1): 47-63 - get paper here
  • Scrocchi, G.J.; Moreta, J.C. & Kretzschmar, S. 2006. Serpientes del Noroeste Argento [Jujuy, Salta, Tucumán, Catamarca, La Rioja, Santiago del Estero]. Fundación Miguel Lillo, Tucumán, 178 pp.
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