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Phrynocephalus mystaceus (PALLAS, 1776)

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Higher TaxaAgamidae (Agaminae), Sauria, Iguania, Squamata (lizards)
SubspeciesPhrynocephalus mystaceus mystaceus (PALLAS 1776)
Phrynocephalus mystaceus khorasanus SOLOVYEVA, DUNAYEV, NAZAROV, RADJABIZADEH & POYARKOV 2018 
Common NamesE: Secret Toadhead Agama
G: Bärtiger Krötenkopf
E: Khorasan Secret Toad-headed Agama [khorasanus]
Russian: Ушастая круглоголовка
Chinese: 大耳沙蜥 
SynonymLacerta mystacea PALLAS 1776: 702
Lacerta aurita PALLAS 1776: Tab. V, fig. 1
Ameiua aurita MEYER 1795: 29 (error typographicus)
Lacerta aurita — SHAW & NODDER 1803: plate 594
Phrynocephalus mystacia — KAUP 1827
Megalochilus auritus — MÜLLER 1881
Phrynocephalus mystaceus — BOULENGER 1885: 379
Phrynocephalus mystaceus mystaceus natio dagestanica KRASSOWSKY 1932
Phrynocephalus mystaceus galli KRASSOWSKY 1932
Megalochilus mystaceus — ANANJEVA 1986
Phrynocephalus mystaceus — WERMUTH 1967: 84
Phrynocephalus mystaceus — ENGELMANN et al 1993
Phrynocephalus mystaceus — ŠMÍD et al. 2014
Phrynocephalus (Megalochilus) mystaceus — SOLOVYEVA et al. 2023

Phrynocephalus mystaceus mystaceus (PALLAS 1776)
Lacerta aurita GMELIN 1789: 1073 (nom. subst. pro Lacerta mystacea)
Gekko auritus — LATREILLE 1801: 61.
Lacerta lobata SHAW 1802: 244 (nom. subst. pro Lacerta aurita)
Agama aurita — DAUDIN 1802: 429
Agama mystacea — MERREM 1820: 53
Agama aurita — LIECHTENSTEIN 1823: 142
Megalochilus auritus — EICHWALD 1831: 185
Phrynocephalus auritus — EVERSMANN 1834: 360
Phrynocephalus auritus — DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1837: 524
Saccostoma auritum — FITZINGER 1843: 87
Phrynocephalus mystaceus — BOETTGER 1880: 260
Phrynocephalus mystaceus mystaceus — KRASSOWSKY 1932: 227
Phrynocephalus mystaceus Galli KRASSOWSKY 1932: 227
Phrynocephalus mystaceus mystaceus — WERMUTH 1967: 84
Phrynocephalus mystaceus aurantiacaudatus SEMENOV & SHENBROT 1990: 79
Phrynocephalus mystaceus mystaceus — MANTHEY & SCHUSTER 1999: 90
Phrynocephalus (Phrynocephalus) mystaceus mystaceus — BARABANOV & ANANJEVA 2007
Phrynocephalus (Phrynocephalus) mystaceus galli — BARABANOV & ANANJEVA 2007
Phrynocephalus mystaceus aurantiacaudatus — SINDACO & JEREMČENKO 2008
Phrynocephalus mystaceus galli — SINDACO & JEREMČENKO 2008
Phrynocephalus mystaceus galli — MILTO & BARABANOV 2012

Phrynocephalus mystaceus khorasanus SOLOVYEVA, DUNAYEV, NAZAROV, RADJABIZADEH & POYARKOV 2018
Phrynocephalus (Megalochilus) khorasanus — SOLOVYEVA et al. 2023 
DistributionSoviet Union, NW cost of Caspian Sea to E Kazakhstan, Russia (Dagestan, Astrakhan Oblast), Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, NE Iran, Afghanistan, NW China (W Xinjiang)

aurantiacaudatus: Kazakhstan
galli: Type locality: Repeteka, Turkestan.

galli: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, northeastern and eastern Iran and adjacent Afghanistan and Xinjiang, China; Terra typica: “Aus Repeteka andetrifft” [= vicinity of Repetek station, approximately 38º35' N, 63º11' E, Lebapsky Region, Turkmenistan].

khorasanus: Iran (Khorasan Razavi Province); Type locality: Iran, Khorasan historical area, Khorasan Razavi Province (ostan), environs of Gonabad, the right bank of the Kale-Shur River; sand dunes (see Fig. 9 in Solovyeva et al. 2018); N34°39', E58°43'; elevation 850 m.

Type locality: East Caucasus. Restricted to “Naryn-Steppe, an der Nordküste des kaspischen Maeeres” by MERTENS & MÜLLER 1928; Restricted by neotype designation to Ryn Peski (Ryn Sands), Uralskaya Region, north-western Kazakh-
stan, by BARABANOV & ANANJEVA 2007.  
ReproductionOviparous 
TypesNeotype: ZISP 8735.1, adult male, designated by BARABANOV & ANAJEVA 2007
Holotype. ZMMU R-11913 (adult female); paratypes: ZMMU [khorasanus]
Lectotype: ZMMU Re-6413 (designated by Semenov & Shenbrot, 1990: 78) [galli] 
DiagnosisDiagnosis: “Vor den anderen Arten der Gattung durch deutliche querverlaufende Hautfalten im Hals-Nackenbereich ausgezeichnet. Unterscheidet sich von P. mystaceus und P. guttatus durch eine heterogene Dorsalbeschuppung, wobei vergrößerte Schuppen, teils in Gruppen, auf dem Rücken, den Flanken sowie oberseits und seitlich der Schwanzwurzel eingestreut sind. Diese vergrößerten Schuppen heben sich als typische Tuberkeln von der sonst glatten Beschuppung ab. Beiderseits des Nackens liegen paarige große Augenflecken, die bei blauer Umrandung ein rosafarbe­ nes oder rotes Zentrum haben.
Schädel breit, mit steil nach vorn abfallender Schnauzenpartie. Gegenüber dem Schädel von P. mystaceus sind außer den kleineren Abmessungen die höhere Zahnzahl und das relativ größere Foramen parietale charakteri­stisch.” (Ananjeva 1981: 191 who also has a more detailed description). 
CommentSynonymy and subspecies mainly after KHALIKOV & ANANJEVA (pers. comm.), WERMUTH 1967, and BARABANOV & ANANJEVA 2007. SEMENOV & SHENBROT 1990 considered galli as a synonym of P. mystaceus. SOLOVYEVA et al. consider P. m. galli as a synonym of mystaceus.

Distribution: See map in SMID et al. 2014 for distribution in Iran.

NCBI taxon ID: 662673 [aurantiacaudatus]
NCBI taxon ID: 662675 [galli]
NCBI taxon ID: 2172839 [khorasanus]
NCBI taxon ID: 662674 [mystaceus]

Etymology (khorasanus). The name of the new subspecies khorasanus is a Latinized toponymic adjective, derived from Khorasan, the name of the historic area and a Khorasan Razavi Province in the northeast Iran, where the new subspecies was found. 
EtymologyNamed after the appearance of this species which is fascinating like a sorcerer; the epithet mystaceus is an masculine adjective formed from suffix L. -ace ‘of the nature of’, hence ‘resembling’ and L. mysta (relating to mystery) meaning ‛a priest of the mysteries and secret rites of divine worship’; mystacea is feminine (Partridge, 1966; Lewis, 1969, cited in Mikaili & Shayegh 2011). However, it could also have been named after Greek “mystax” = beard, moustache :) 
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